The Inductive Requirements for Flowering of Some Temperate Grasses

Cooper, J. I.; Calder, D. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01133.x

Cited by 56 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For a tiller to become reproductive it needs to pass through a "juvenile" phase (Cooper & Calder 1964). Once through that stage, tillers are then receptive to climatic signals that promote reproductive development.…”

Section: Initiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the grazing and drought tolerance of temperate perennial grasses

Kemp

Culvenor

1994

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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The improvement of grazing and drought tolerance of temperate (C3) perennial pasture grasses is an important component of plant improvement programmes. The improvement of these characteristics in grasses is best based on an understanding of the physiology of grass growth and development. This paper discusses the components of growth, i.e. buds, leaves, tillers, stems, and plants, how they interact, and how compensation between components occurs. These components are considered in relation to what is known about the grazing and drought tolerance of grasses in Australia where selection for plant survival is as important as for production. It is concluded that tiller and bud densities could be increased in new cultivars. Some existing cultivars have, arguably, too low a tiller density. Plants with more and, or larger tillers have more chances of survival in many circumstances. Reproductive development interacts strongly with grass growth and development. Once apices initiate, growth is stimulated, but the numbers of tillers can then decline and plants become more vulnerable to damage from grazing, especially during stem elongation. Early-flowering cultivars are more winter-active, but they are also likely to be more A94023

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Section: Initiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the grazing and drought tolerance of temperate perennial grasses

Kemp

Culvenor

1994

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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“…Appropriate developmental timing is especially important for perennial species, which may live for many years, undergoing repeated cycles of vegetative and reproductive (flowering) development, which are regulated by changes in the seasons through the year. Photoperiod is the major environmental cue for developmental timing in several perennial species (Cooper and Calder, 1964;Böhlenius et al, 2006;Gyllenstrand et al, 2007;Heide and Sønsteby, 2007), because it is the only constant environmental signal that undergoes the same cyclical pattern every year, with increasing amplitude toward higher latitudes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mutation inTERMINAL FLOWER1Reverses the Photoperiodic Requirement for Flowering in the Wild StrawberryFragaria vesca

et al. 2012

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Photoperiodic flowering has been extensively studied in the annual short-day and long-day plants rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), whereas less is known about the control of flowering in perennials. In the perennial wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca (Rosaceae), short-day and perpetual flowering long-day accessions occur. Genetic analyses showed that differences in their flowering responses are caused by a single gene, SEASONAL FLOWERING LOCUS, which may encode the F. vesca homolog of TERMINAL FLOWER1 (FvTFL1). We show through high-resolution mapping and transgenic approaches that FvTFL1 is the basis of this change in flowering behavior and demonstrate that FvTFL1 acts as a photoperiodically regulated repressor. In short-day F. vesca, long photoperiods activate FvTFL1 mRNA expression and short days suppress it, promoting flower induction. These seasonal cycles in FvTFL1 mRNA level confer seasonal cycling of vegetative and reproductive development. Mutations in FvTFL1 prevent long-day suppression of flowering, and the early flowering that then occurs under long days is dependent on the F. vesca homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T. This photoperiodic response mechanism differs from those described in model annual plants. We suggest that this mechanism controls flowering within the perennial growth cycle in F. vesca and demonstrate that a change in a single gene reverses the photoperiodic requirements for flowering.

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“…Thus, it appears that early-developing seedlings from fall seedings became vernalized, even though cool-season grasses go through a juvenile stage at the beginning of plant development during which an inductive response does not occur (Cooper and Calder 1964). Although dates of emergence were not recorded at all sites in all years, emerged seedlings were visible at both Outlook and Carman during the third week of April.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The length of the vernalization period and cold temperature requirements for induction vary with species (Cooper and Calder 1964), with perennial and Italian ryegrasses having a moderate inductive requirement, mainly being exposure to cold. Within these species, however, there is considerable variation, with Mediterranean cultivars requiring little or no vernalization, while those cultivars adapted to northern Europe having a stronger low temperature requirement (Cooper 1952).…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of late fall seeding time on the seed production of Italian ryegrass

Coulman

LoeppkyHeather²,

EntzMartin

2015

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Coulman, B., Loeppky, H. and Entz, M. 2015. The effect of late fall seeding time on the seed production of Italian ryegrass. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 641Á645. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a cool-season grass, which behaves as an annual in the Great Plains region of western Canada and is used as a grazing crop. Italian ryegrass requires vernalization for reproductive development to occur. Late fall (dormant) seedings, which have been used for annual crop species, have often resulted in earlier developing seedlings in the spring and higher yield than spring seedings. For Italian ryegrass, dormant seedings may result in vernalization of early-spring-germinating seedlings, allowing seed production without having to overwinter established plants. The objective of this study was to compare the seed yield and stand establishment of late fall (dormant) and spring seedings of Italian ryegrass at three locations in the Great Plains region of western Canada. Stand establishment was assessed by measuring tiller density in the month of June, and these densities were greater for spring than late fall seedings. Most spring seedings had no reproductive development and, thus, no seed yield; however, most late fall seedings produced seed the following year, indicating that vernalization of early-developing seedlings did occur. There were significant differences in seed yield among the four cultivars tested and among sites. Based on the high variation in seed yield among cultivars and sites and the relatively low yield levels obtained, late fall seedings of Italian ryegrass cannot be recommended in the Great Plains region of western Canada.Key words: Seeding time, dormant seeding, seed production, vernalization Coulman, B., Loeppky, H. et Entz, M. 2015. Incidence d'un semis automnal tardif sur la production grainie`re de l'ivraie multiflore. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 641Á645. L'ivraie multiflore (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) est une gramine´e de saison froide se comportant comme une annuelle dans la re´gion des grandes plaines de l'Ouest canadien, et on y recourt pour la paissance. Pour se reproduire, l'espe`ce doit subir une vernalisation. Les semis effectue´s a`la fin de l'automne (en dormance), comme on le fait pour les cultures annuelles, donnent souvent des plantules plus pre´coces le printemps suivant, d'un rendement supe´rieur a`celui des plantes seme´es au printemps. Dans le cas de l'ivraie multiflore, les semences en dormance peuvent entraıˆner la vernalisation des plantules qui germent au de´but du printemps et amener les plants a`monter en graine sans que ceux-ci aient a`traverser l'hiver. L'e´tude devait comparer le rendement grainier et l'e´tablissement des peuplements d'ivraie multiflore apre`s des semis tardifs a`l'automne (dormance) ou des semis printaniers, a`trois emplacements, dans les grandes plaines de l'Ouest canadien. L'e´tablissement des peuplements a e´te´e´value´d'apre`s la densite´des talles en juin, et il e´tait plus important pour les plants seme´s au printemps que pour ceux seme´s a`la fin de ...

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The Inductive Requirements for Flowering of Some Temperate Grasses

Cited by 56 publications

References 19 publications

Improving the grazing and drought tolerance of temperate perennial grasses

Improving the grazing and drought tolerance of temperate perennial grasses

Mutation inTERMINAL FLOWER1Reverses the Photoperiodic Requirement for Flowering in the Wild StrawberryFragaria vesca

The effect of late fall seeding time on the seed production of Italian ryegrass

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