The Indulgent Parenting Style and Developmental Outcomes in South European and Latin American Countries

García, Fernando; Gracia, Enrique

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7503-9_31

Cited by 58 publications

(83 citation statements)

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“…These results are similar to those reported in other studies that analyze the relation between parenting and self-esteem (Barry et al, 2008), showing that positive parenting tends to be associated with high self-esteem, whereas negative parenting is associated with low self-esteem (Lamborn et al, 1991; Steinberg et al, 1994; Calafat et al, 2014). More specifically, other studies using the ESPA29 have reported similar results (Fuentes et al, 2011; García and Gracia, 2014). Although this is a first approximation of the relation of the practices of the ESPA29 with a criterion variable in a United States sample, future research should analyze the relation between parenting styles assessed with the ESPA29 in United States samples and other criteria variables that reflect personal and social adolescent adjustment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…The two axis dimensions reflect two main persistent patterns of parental conduct (Steinberg, 2005), which being orthogonal (the two are not related and behavior in one does not predict behavior in the other), must be analyzed together in order to determine the style of socialization that characterizes parental behavior toward the child (Grusec and Lytton, 1988; Darling and Steinberg, 1993; Steinberg, 2005). Unlike previous studies with the ESPA29 scale that only applied EFA with Procrustes Rotation (Marchetti, 1997; Musitu and García, 2001; Martínez and García, 2008; López-Jáuregui and Oliden, 2009; Martínez et al, 2011, 2013; Martínez I. et al, 2012; García and Gracia, 2014; García et al, 2015) the present study has applied the CFA. Furthermore, we have contrasted the gender invariance of factor loadings for fathers’ and mothers’ practices with the multigroup factor confirmatory analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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English Validation of the Parental Socialization Scale—ESPA29

et al. 2017

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Parenting styles have traditionally been studied following the classical two-dimensional orthogonal model of parental socialization. The Parental Socialization Scale ESPA29 is used to measure the four styles of parental socialization through the acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition dimensions. The ESPA29 scale is a developmentally appropriate measure of parenting styles, which has been validated in several languages including Spanish, Italian, and Brazilian Portuguese. In this study, the English translation of the ESPA29 was evaluated. The objective of the work is to test the ESPA29’s structure of parenting practices with a United States sample measuring parenting practices using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The scores of fathers’ and mothers’ behavioral practices toward their children were obtained for a sample of 911 United States adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age. First, the total sample was split and a principal components analysis with varimax rotation was carried out with one of the two halves. EFA showed a two-factor structure fully congruent with the theoretical model for mothers’ and fathers’ scores. Next, a CFA was calculated on the second half by using the factor structure obtained in the previous EFA. The CFA replicated the two-factor structure with appropriate fit index. The seven parenting practices that were measured loaded appropriately on the acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition dimensions. Then, the multigroup analysis between girls and boys showed equal loading in the factors and equal covariation between the acceptance/involvement and the strictness/imposition dimensions. Additionally, the two dimensions of the ESPA29 scale were related to self-esteem in order to obtain an external validity index. The findings confirm the invariant structure of the ESPA29 was in the United States and their equivalence in both fathers’ and mothers’ scores. These findings validate the instrument and confirm its applicability in cross-cultural research on parenting practices and child adjustment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

English Validation of the Parental Socialization Scale—ESPA29

et al. 2017

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“…This scale has been utilized in a great many studies to consistently relate parenting with other variables (e.g., Martínez and García, 2007; Gracia et al, 2012; Martínez et al, 2013; Fuentes et al, 2015a,b). It is remarkable that the ESPA29 parenting acceptance/involvement dimension has been related to high adolescents' self-concept, and the strictness/imposition dimension has been related to low adolescent self-concept (e.g., Fuentes et al, 2011a,b; García and Gracia, 2014). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire AF5 in Brazil: Testing Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Language (Brazilian and Spanish), Gender, and Age

et al. 2018

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Self-concept is widely conceptualized as multidimensional (Shavelson et al., 1976). The Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire (AF5, García and Musitu, 2009) assesses five specific dimensions (i.e., academic, social, emotional, family, and physical). It is a psychometrically sound questionnaire, developed, and normed in Spain, which is widely used with Spanish-speaking samples. The validation of the AF5 in Brazil would expand its potential, and would facilitate cross-cultural research. To validate the Brazilian version of the AF5, the present study apply confirmatory factor analysis and multi-sample invariance analysis across sex (women vs. men), age (11–18 years old), and language (Brazilian [Portuguese] vs. Spanish). The sample consisted of 4,534 students (54.6%, women, 53.7%, Spanish) ranging in age from 11 to 18 years old (M = 14.61, SD = 2.09). The findings of the present study confirmed that the five-dimensional AF5 factorial structure provided the better fit to the data compared to alternative one-dimensional and orthogonal five-dimensional structures. The 30 items loaded appropriately on the five dimensions. Multi-group analysis for invariance between sex, age, and language groups showed equal loading in the five factors, equal covariation between the five dimensions, and equal error variances of items. Additionally, in order to obtain an external validity index, the five AF5 factors were related to both acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition parenting dimensions. These results provide an adequate basis for meaningful comparative studies on a highly relevant construct, multidimensional self-concept, between male and female adolescents of different ages, and Brazilian (Portuguese) and Spanish-speaking samples. These results validate the instrument and confirm its suitability in cross-cultural research.

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“…De manera que determinado estilo se relacione con mejores resultados dependiendo del sexo del hijo o del padre o a una determinada edad. No obstante, sí existen importantes inconsistencias en la literatura científica en torno a cómo influye la actuación de los padres en el proceso de socialización en el ajuste y bienestar psicológico de los hijos (Becoña et al, 2012;García y Gracia, 2014;White y Schnurr, 2012). Mientras que la mayoría de estudios han concluido que la actuación de los padres basada fundamentalmente en el afecto (alta aceptación/implicación) se relaciona con un ajuste psicoló-gico óptimo (Alegre, Benson, y Pé-rez-Escoda, 2013;Bastaits, Ponnet, y Mortelmans, 2012), su combinación con las actuaciones estrictas e impositivas de los padres (severidad/imposición) genera serias dudas sobre el efecto que tiene en el bienestar psicológico de los hijos, principalmente cuando el entorno cultural y social en el que se estudia dicha relación varía (Baumrind, 1991;Dwairy, 2008;Linares, Rusillo, Cruz, Fernández, y Arias, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Parental Socialization Styles and Psychological Adjustment. A Study in Spanish Adolescents // Los estilos parentales de socialización y el ajuste psicológico. Un estudio con adolescentes españoles

et al. 2014

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ResumenContribuyendo al actual debate de la literatura acerca del estilo educativo parental óptimo para el mejor ajuste psicosocial de los hijos, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar qué estilo se relaciona con el mejor ajuste psicológico de los adolescentes españoles. Participaron en el estudio 772 adolescentes, 358 hombres (46.4%) y 414 mujeres (53.6%), entre 12 y 17 años (M = 14.95, DT = 1.59). Se clasificó a las familias según su estilo de actuación (autorizativo, indulgente, autoritario o negligente). Como criterios se evaluaron autoconcepto y desajuste psicológico en sus medidas multidimensionales. Los resultados muestran que el estilo indulgente, basado fundamentalmente en el afecto y no en la imposición parental, se relaciona con los mejores resultados en los criterios evaluados. Se destaca, por tanto, la importancia de la implicación afectiva de los padres en la socialización de sus hijos para el adecuado ajuste psicológico y emocional de los adolescentes españoles.Palabras clave: Adolescencia, implicación afectiva, estilos parentales, ajuste psicológico. AbstractContributing to the current debate in the literature about the optimal educational parenting style that benefits the best psychosocial adjustment of children, the aim of this study was to analyze which parenting style is related to the best psychological adjustment among Spanish adolescents. Participants in the study were 772 adolescents, 358 males (46.4%) and 414 females (53.6%) between 12 and 17 years old (M = 14.95, SD = 1.59). Families were classified according to their parenting style (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, or neglectful). Self-concept and psychological maladjustment in their multidimensional measures were assessed as criteria. Results showed that indulgent style, fundamentally based on affection and not on parental imposition, is related to the best results on the criteria assessed. The importance of parental affective involvement in the socialization of their children for the adequate psychological and emotional adjustment of Spanish adolescents is highlighted.

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The Indulgent Parenting Style and Developmental Outcomes in South European and Latin American Countries

Cited by 58 publications

References 52 publications

English Validation of the Parental Socialization Scale—ESPA29

English Validation of the Parental Socialization Scale—ESPA29

Validation of the Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire AF5 in Brazil: Testing Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Language (Brazilian and Spanish), Gender, and Age

Parental Socialization Styles and Psychological Adjustment. A Study in Spanish Adolescents // Los estilos parentales de socialización y el ajuste psicológico. Un estudio con adolescentes españoles

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