The Inevitability of Militarization of Outer Space

Bernat, Paweł

doi:10.37105/sd.43

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…However, alongside these opportunities lies the pressing need to safeguard these space assets and the data they generate. With the exponential increase in space debris (Dewantoro & Putranti, 2020), the potential for cyber-attacks on space-based infrastructure (Lin et al, 2022), and the looming specter of the militarization of space (Bernat, 2019), Indonesia must formulate a robust defense policy that addresses these emerging space threats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indonesia's Defense Policy In Addressing Space Threats In Perspective Of Defense Management

Brahmana,

Anak Agung Banyu Perwita,

Agus Sudarya

et al. 2024

IJHESS

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This article investigates Indonesia's defense policy in addressing space threats, driven by the research objectives of analyzing the policy, assessing its effectiveness, and providing recommendations for improvement. Employing a qualitative research method with an analytical descriptive design, the study explores Indonesia's approach to space security through an extensive review of legal and strategic documents. The research highlights key components, including foundational laws emphasizing the protection of sovereignty and the recognition of the Fourth Industrial Revolution's impact on defense, leading to the expansion of the defense domain into cyberspace and space. Strategies involve modernization, resilience, and the nurturing of domestic space capabilities. The analysis reveals challenges, such as the rapid evolution of space technology, resource allocation, coordination, international partnerships, human capital development, and managing the dual-use nature of space technology. Indonesia's defense policy aligns with broader defense and security objectives, emphasizing the importance of space in safeguarding national sovereignty and promoting economic growth. The study concludes that continuous adaptation, coordination, and international collaboration are vital to effectively mitigate space threats and secure the nation's interests in the 21st century. The utilization of space has expanded in the modern age. Indonesia is looking to space to overcome its geographical challenges. However, Indonesia must formulate defense policy to address emerging threats. This research problems are comprehending Indonesia's defense policy in addressing space threats and evaluating the effectiveness of the existing policy. The objectives are to analyze the policy and assess its effectiveness. Employing a qualitative literature research method with analytical descriptive design, the research subject is Indonesian Defense Ministry. The object is Indonesia's defense policy in addressing space threats. The research result highlights laws emphasizing the protection of sovereignty and the recognition of the Fourth Industrial Revolution's impact on defense, leading to the expansion of the domain into cyberspace and space. Strategies involve modernization, resilience, and the nurturing of space capabilities. The analysis reveals challenges, such as rapid evolution of space technology, resource allocation, coordination, international partnerships, human capital development, and dual-use nature of space technology management. Indonesia's defense policy aligns with broader defense and security objectives, emphasizing the importance of space in safeguarding national sovereignty and promoting economic growth. The study concludes that continuous adaptation and international collaboration are vital to effectively mitigate space threats and secure the nation's interests.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indonesia's Defense Policy In Addressing Space Threats In Perspective Of Defense Management

Brahmana,

Anak Agung Banyu Perwita,

Agus Sudarya

et al. 2024

IJHESS

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“…Space mining is an interesting example of this phenomenon, as space scientists have realized that celestial bodies may contain valuable minerals and other natural resources (Lee, 2012). The dynamic advancement of knowledge, new technologies, resources, and the establishment of the basics of artificial intelligence will enable humanity to mine space and access the valuable minerals (Bernat, 2019). Additionally, a number of countries and private companies are hoping to extract resources and return them to Earth, which raises the issues of property rights and sovereignty, as well as who can acquire such natural resources from space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2023

zjlp

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Developed countries are now more interested in using and mining outer space for commercial purposes, and have therefore enacted legislation to regulate their activities in this regard. The factor that has prompted the major powers is the presence of valuable natural resources; thus, they are working to mine those resources and bring them to the Earth. Although it is stated in international space agreements that "government or private entities cannot possess outer space (such as the moon and other celestial bodies)", these resources are not mentioned. Additionally, outer space must be used for the benefit of all mankind. In recent years, developed countries and private entities have been seeking investment in outer space, but they may face significant obstacles in terms of the absence of legal protection for property rights and sovereignty problems in outer space. The article is an analytical study that describes international treaties and national laws regarding the lawfulness of space mining for commercial purposes. The study analyses the extent to which these national laws that allow the commercial use of outer space are compatible with international space agreements currently available as well as the legal impact of the lack of sovereignty on property rights in outer space. The study's main findings are the necessity to amend the international space agreements so that they are harmonious with technological developments and mankind's ambitions, to exert efforts to remove ambiguities in the existing international agreements regarding the commercial exploitation of outer space, as well as to invite countries around the world to draft the texts of new international outer space agreements or to review existing outer space treaties in a way that gives an opportunity to the countries of the world to access outer space without discrimination and increases cooperation between them in this regard.

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“…At the beginning of the third decade of the 21 st century, it is clear that a new space race is a fact. Along with the rapid development of space technologies and their democratization, the militarization and weaponization of space, especially Low Earth Orbit (LEO), seem inevitable [1] - [3]. The two above concepts, although they may appear similar in meaning, should not be confused.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%