The infantile disorders of hospitalism and anaclitic depression.

Pinneau, Samuel R.

doi:10.1037/h0045987

Cited by 74 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Most of the relevant evidence for this relationship comes from observational studies of institutionalized infants (Dennis & Najarian, 1957;Fischer, 1952; Gesell & Amatruda, 1947; Provence & Lipton, 1962; Spitz, 1945) which show that under conditions of social and perceptual deprivation the developmental quotients (DQ's) of such infants tend to be well below the level of normally reared infants and that over time a progressive deterioration may be observed in their developmental status. Though the authors of these studies have often left themselves open to criticism on methodological grounds (Pinneau, 1955), the sheer weight of evidence (further reinforced by studies of the effects of early deprivation on animals) has been such as to have given strong support to the view that early development is not just a maturational unfolding of inherent capacities at predetermined rates, but is based on processes occurring in the context of environmental conditions that may foster or impede the individual's progress to varying degree (Hunt, 1961).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Experimentally Administered Stimulation on Developmental Quotients of Infants

Schaffer

Emerson

1968

Br J Soc Clin Psychol

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In order to clarify further the relationship between environmental stimulation and developmental status in infancy, an experiment was carried out to examine the proposition that scores on developmental tests may vary according to the level of current stimulus input. Two groups of infants were tested on three successive days under identical conditions, except that one group was tested after a brief no‐stimulation period on all three days, while the other group received the no‐stimulation treatment only on the first day and a stimulation period on the second and third days. Results indicate a highly significant rise in DQ as a result of stimulation, and are interpreted in terms of changes in arousal level.

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confidence: 99%

The Effects of Experimentally Administered Stimulation on Developmental Quotients of Infants

Schaffer

Emerson

1968

Br J Soc Clin Psychol

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“…Harlow's findings may have been particularly welcome after Pinneau's (1955aPinneau's ( , 1955b severe criticism of the validity of Spitz's own studies (see above). As Spitz wrote to Harlow before he published his reexamination of autoerotism: I am not sure whether you are aware of my work on emotionally deprived infants.…”

Section: Spitz and Harlow Meetmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Pinneau (1955aPinneau ( , 1955bcf. Spitz, 1955) carefully analyzed Spitz's papers and showed a large number of inaccuracies, errors, and inconsistencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Of monkeys and men: Spitz and Harlow on the consequences of maternal deprivation

Rosmalen

Horst

Veer

2012

Attachment & Human Development

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In this contribution the reciprocal influence of Harlow and Spitz concerning the consequences of maternal deprivation of monkeys and men, respectively, is described. On the basis of recently disclosed correspondence between Harlow and Spitz, it is argued that not only was Spitz's work on hospitalism an inspiration for Harlow to start his cloth and wire surrogate work with rhesus monkeys but, at the same time, Harlow's work was a new impetus for Spitz's work on the sexual development of (deprived) infants. It is described how the two men first established personal contact in the early 1960s, after Harlow had published his first surrogate papers, how they became close friends subsequently, and inspired each other mutually.

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“…The findings of these investigators and others (Harlow, 1958(Harlow, , 1964Werner, 1968;Kaufman & Rosenblum, 1969;Lewis & Goldberg, 1969;Siqueland, 1970) were highly influential in science and in public policy, but they were not without their critics (Pinneau, 1950(Pinneau, , 1955Casler, 1961;Watson, 1972), and the critics succeeded in pointing up the need for specifying the variables ("missing maternal ingredients") involved in maldevelopment. Rheingold (1956), working with infants 3 months of age, showed that the reduced stimulation of an institution did not decrease infants' visual or manual exploration of social or nonsocial objects.…”

Section: Mother-infant Interactions and Caregivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion Expressions and Personality Integration in Infancy

Izard

Buechler

1979

Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology

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In this chapter, Dr. Buechler and I suggest some new ways of thinking about emotions in infancy. The concept of emotional development is considered too broad to treat as a single topic. The chapter discusses four developmental processes relating to the emotions and to infant development and infant wellbeing. The expressions of the emotions in infancy are seen as critical in personality integration and the development of infant-parent and other social relationships. The question of the predictive value of emotion response patterns in infancy is placed in perspective, in part by considering the value of studying emotions in infancy apart from the issue of continuity of infant emotion traits. 15Most people agree that emotions play an important role in human development. Many would also agree on a number of other general statements about relationships between emotions, creative activities, conflict, and coping processes. Agreement would be more difficult to obtain, however, when we begin to make more specific statements about how emotions influence other areas of development. Even more controversy would be generated by statements about how emotions in infancy relate to personality and social behavior in later life.Regarding this latter issue, we want to emphasize our belief that prediction of later development is by no means the only justification for studying emotions in infancy. Scientifically, emotions and processes of personality integration in infancy are of interest in their own right. Practically, increased understanding of emotions in infancy should facilitate the nurturance of emotionally, socially, and physically healthy infants, and it is desirable to foster well-being at all ages.We believe that the search for continuities and discontinuities in infancy is very important. We believe that stable individual differences exist, and that those that will be predictive of adaptive and maladaptive personality development will be found in the emotion domain, including emotion-cognition and emotion-behavior relationships. Investigation of these phenomena involves study of infant-environment interactions, a need emphasized by Emde and Robinson (1976). The emotions themselves have a social (expressive, environment-directed, or communicative) aspect and emotion-cognition/behavior

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The infantile disorders of hospitalism and anaclitic depression.

Cited by 74 publications

References 33 publications

The Effects of Experimentally Administered Stimulation on Developmental Quotients of Infants

The Effects of Experimentally Administered Stimulation on Developmental Quotients of Infants

Of monkeys and men: Spitz and Harlow on the consequences of maternal deprivation

Emotion Expressions and Personality Integration in Infancy

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