The Infectivity of<i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i>in Healthy Volunteers

DuPont, Herbert L.; Chappell, Cynthia L.; Sterling, Charles R.; Okhuysen, Pablo C.; Rose, Joan B.; Jakubowski, Walter

doi:10.1056/nejm199503303321304

Cited by 819 publications

(588 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…BKI-1294 was the most effective in reducing oocyst shedding, both daily and total, followed by BKI-1517. Epidemiologically, a reduction in oocyst shedding is an important treatment outcome to decrease the environmental parasite burden and thus potential exposure to infectious organisms in both agricultural and urban settings, where drinking and recreational water use are often implicated in outbreaks [47,48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Bumped Kinase Inhibitors Are Safe and Effective Therapeutics in the Calf Clinical Model for Cryptosporidiosis

et al. 2016

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Cryptosporidiosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, is a diarrheal disease that has produced a large global burden in mortality and morbidity in humans and livestock. There are currently no consistently effective parasite-specific pharmaceuticals available for this disease. Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) specific for parasite calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been shown to reduce infection in several parasites having medical and veterinary importance, including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, and C. parvum. In the present study, BKIs were screened for efficacy against C. parvum infection in the neonatal mouse model. Three BKIs were then selected for safety and clinical efficacy evaluation in the calf model for cryptosporidiosis. Significant BKI treatment effects were observed for virtually all clinical and parasitological scoring parameters, including diarrhea severity, oocyst shedding, and overall health. These results provide proof of concept for BKIs as therapeutic drug leads in an animal model for human cryptosporidiosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Bumped Kinase Inhibitors Are Safe and Effective Therapeutics in the Calf Clinical Model for Cryptosporidiosis

et al. 2016

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“…Therefore, the dose-response models recommended for the reference pathogens to assess the probability of infection are shown in Table 1. In addition, since the probability of illness is often viewed as independent of dose, given that infection has occurred the estimated values of the probability of illness for a given infection of Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, and Norovirus are 0.39, 0.33, and 0.73, respectively [32][33][34]. …”

Section: Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (Qmra)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Treated Greywater Reuse for Hydroponic Lettuce Production in a Green Wall System: Quantitative Health Risk Assessment

Eregno

Moges

Heistad

2017

Water

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Abstract:The scarcity and pollution of freshwater are extremely crucial issues today, and the expansion of water reuse has been considered as an option to reduce its impact. This study aims to assess the efficiency of an integrated greywater treatment system and hydroponic lettuce production as a part of a green wall structure, and to evaluate the health risk associated with the production and consumption of lettuce through a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and a chemical health risk assessment. The study was conducted based on the unique configuration of a source separation system; an on-site greywater treatment system; a green wall structure as a polishing step; and hydroponic lettuce production in the green wall structure. The final effluent from the system was used to grow three lettuce varieties by adding urine as a nutrient solution. Both water samples and plant biomass were collected and tested for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and heavy metals contamination. The system has gained a cumulative 5.1 log 10 reduction of E. coli in the final effluent and no E. coli found in the plant biomass. The estimated annual infection risk for Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, and Norovirus was 10 −6 -10 −8 , 10 −8 -10 −10 , and 10 −10 -10 −11 respectively. These results indicate that the system attained the health-based targets, 10 −6 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year. Similarly, the health risk index (HRI) and targeted hazard quotient (THQ) results did not exceed the permissible level, thus the chemical health risk concern was insignificant.

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“…Therefore, the dose-response models recommended for the reference pathogens to assess the probability of infection is shown in Table 2. In addition, since the probability of illness are often viewed as independent of dose given that infection has occurred, the estimated values of the probability of illness for a given infection of Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, and norovirus are 0.39, 0.33, and 0.73 respectively [32][33][34]. …”

Section: Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treated Greywater Reuse for Hydroponic Lettuce Production in a Green Wall System – Quantitative Health Risk Assessment

Eregno¹,

Moges²,

Heistad³

2017

Preprint

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Abstract:The scarcity and pollution of freshwater are extremely crucial issues today and the expansion of water reuse have been considered as an option to reduce its impact. This study aims to assess the efficiency of an integrated greywater treatment system and hydroponic lettuce production as a part of a green wall structure and to evaluate the health risk associated with the production and consumption of lettuce through quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and chemical health risk assessment. The study was conducted based on the unique configuration of source separation system; on-site greywater treatment system; green wall structure as a polishing step; and hydroponic lettuce production in the green wall structure. The final effluent from the system was used to grow three lettuce varieties by adding urine as a nutrient solution. Both water samples and plant biomass were collected and tested for E. coli and heavy metals contamination. The system has gained a cumulative 5.1 log10 reduction of E. coli in the final effluent and no E. coli found in the plant biomass. QMRA results indicated that the system attained the health-based targets, 10 -6 DALYs per person per year. Similarly, health risk index (HRI) and targeted hazard quotient (THQ) results did not exceed the permissible level, thus the chemical health risk concern was insignificant.

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The Infectivity ofCryptosporidium parvumin Healthy Volunteers

Abstract: In healthy adults with no serologic evidence of past infection with C. parvum, a low dose of C. parvum oocysts is sufficient to cause infection.

Cited by 819 publications

References 31 publications

Novel Bumped Kinase Inhibitors Are Safe and Effective Therapeutics in the Calf Clinical Model for Cryptosporidiosis

Novel Bumped Kinase Inhibitors Are Safe and Effective Therapeutics in the Calf Clinical Model for Cryptosporidiosis

Treated Greywater Reuse for Hydroponic Lettuce Production in a Green Wall System: Quantitative Health Risk Assessment

Treated Greywater Reuse for Hydroponic Lettuce Production in a Green Wall System – Quantitative Health Risk Assessment

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The Infectivity ofCryptosporidium parvumin Healthy Volunteers

Abstract: In healthy adults with no serologic evidence of past infection with C. parvum, a low dose of C. parvum oocysts is sufficient to cause infection.

Cited by 819 publications

References 31 publications

Novel Bumped Kinase Inhibitors Are Safe and Effective Therapeutics in the Calf Clinical Model for Cryptosporidiosis

Novel Bumped Kinase Inhibitors Are Safe and Effective Therapeutics in the Calf Clinical Model for Cryptosporidiosis

Treated Greywater Reuse for Hydroponic Lettuce Production in a Green Wall System: Quantitative Health Risk Assessment

Treated Greywater Reuse for Hydroponic Lettuce Production in a Green Wall System &ndash; Quantitative Health Risk Assessment

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Treated Greywater Reuse for Hydroponic Lettuce Production in a Green Wall System – Quantitative Health Risk Assessment