The inflamed axis: The interaction between stress, hormones, and the expression of inflammatory-related genes within key structures comprising the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

Hueston, Cara M.; Deak, Terrence

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.035

Cited by 110 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Dinan et al / Journal of Psychiatric Research xxx (2015) 1e9 2 prime target for transducing the effects of bacteria on the CNS (Hueston and Deak, 2014). In addition, indirect effects of the gut microbiota and probiotics on the innate immune system can result in alterations in the circulating levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines that directly affect brain function, especially areas such as the hypothalamus, where interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 provide a potent release of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) (Viswanathan et al, 2013).…”

Section: Key Communication Routesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior

Dinan

Stilling

Stanton

et al. 2015

Journal of Psychiatric Research

460

311

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The human gut harbors a dynamic and complex microbial ecosystem, consisting of approximately 1 kg of bacteria in the average adult, approximately the weight of the human brain. The evolutionary formation of a complex gut microbiota in mammals has played an important role in enabling brain development and perhaps sophisticated social interaction. Genes within the human gut microbiota, termed the microbiome, significantly outnumber human genes in the body, and are capable of producing a myriad of neuroactive compounds. Gut microbes are part of the unconscious system regulating behavior. Recent investigations indicate that these microbes majorly impact on cognitive function and fundamental behavior patterns, such as social interaction and stress management. In the absence of microbes, underlying neurochemistry is profoundly altered. Studies of gut microbes may play an important role in advancing understanding of disorders of cognitive functioning and social interaction, such as autism.

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Section: Key Communication Routesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior

Dinan

Stilling

Stanton

et al. 2015

Journal of Psychiatric Research

460

311

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“…The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of these conditions are believed to be primarily due to the dysregulation of the HPA axis, as well as serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, by neuroimmune factors. A variety of cytokines have potent effects on the HPA axis by regulating the release of neuropeptides and neurohormones, including corticotrophin release factor, ACTH, or cortisol (Hueston & Deak, 2014). Conversely, glucocorticoids induced by chronic stress have a significant impact on the neuroimmune system by regulating expressions of cytokines in the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex, and the hypothalamus (Munhoz et al, 2006; Sorrells, Caso, Munhoz, & Sapolsky, 2009).…”

Section: Neuroimmune Factors Modulate Neuroendocrine Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Alcohol and Drug Addiction

Cui

Shurtleff

Harris

2014

International Review of Neurobiology

141

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Alcohol and other drugs of abuse have significant impacts on the neuroimmune system. Studies have demonstrated that drugs of abuse interact with the neuroimmune system and alter neuroimmune gene expression and signaling, which in turn contribute to various aspects of addiction. As the key component of the CNS immune system, neuroimmune factors mediate neuroinflammation and modulate a wide range of brain function including neuronal activity, endocrine function, and CNS development. These neuromodulatory properties of immune factors, together with their essential role in neuroinflammation, provide a new framework to understand neuroimmune mechanisms mediating brain functional and behavioral changes contributing to addiction. This chapter highlights recent advances in understanding neuroimmune changes associated with exposure to alcohol and other drugs of abuse, including opiates, marijuana, methamphetamine, and cocaine. It provides a brief overview on what we know about neuroimmune signaling and its role in drug action and addiction.

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“…Interleukin-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured, as these three cytokines have been shown to be potently activated in brain in response to systemic infection (e.g., [43]), with other non-immune challenges such as stress (e.g., [44, 45]) or ethanol exposure (e.g., [42, 46]) also altering central expression of these targets. Additionally, expression of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) was also assessed, as this is considered a reporter of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NK-κB) activation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these animals, behavior during the social interaction test and plasma CORT concentrations were analyzed using a between subjects 2 (Social Partner: healthy vs. sick) × 2 (Housing Condition: pair- vs. isolate-housed) factorial ANOVA. In order to control for multiple comparisons and minimize the probability of Type 1 error, brain cytokine expression data were first analyzed for experimental rats using MANOVA for each brain region (including all target genes for that structure as within-subjects dependent variables), with follow-up ANOVAs as appropriate (previously described in [45]).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of social behavior directed toward sick partners and its relation to central cytokine expression in rats

Hamasato

Lovelock

Palermo-Neto

et al. 2017

Physiology & Behavior

Self Cite

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Acute illness not only reduces the expression of social behavior by sick rodents, but can also lead to avoidance responses when detected by healthy, would-be social partners. When healthy animals interact with a sick partner, an intriguing question arises: does exposure to a sick conspecific elicit an anticipatory immune response that would facilitate defense against future infection? To address this question, healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (N=64) were given a brief social interaction (30 min) with a partner that was either sick (250 μg/kg injection with lipopolysaccharide [LPS] 3 h prior to test) or healthy (sterile saline injection). During this exposure, social behavior directed toward the healthy or sick conspecific was measured. Additionally, the impact of housing condition was assessed, with rats group- or isolate-housed. Immediately after social interaction, brains were harvested for cytokine assessments within socially-relevant brain structures (olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus and PVN). As expected, behavioral results demonstrated that (i) there was a robust suppression of social interaction directed against sick conspecifics; and (ii) isolate-housing generally increased social behavior. Furthermore, examination of central cytokine expression in healthy experimental subjects revealed a modest increase in TNF-α in rats that interacted with a sick social partner, but only in the olfactory bulb. Among the LPS-injected partners, expected increases in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression were observed across all brain sites. Moreover, IL-1β and IL-6 expression was exacerbated in LPS-injected partners that interacted with isolate-housed experimental subjects. Together, these data replicate and extend our prior work showing that healthy rats avoid sick conspecifics, and provide preliminary evidence for an anticipatory cytokine response when rats are exposed to a sick partner. These data also provide new evidence to suggest that recent housing history potently modulates cytokine responses evoked by LPS.

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The inflamed axis: The interaction between stress, hormones, and the expression of inflammatory-related genes within key structures comprising the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

Cited by 110 publications

References 58 publications

Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior

Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior

Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Alcohol and Drug Addiction

Assessment of social behavior directed toward sick partners and its relation to central cytokine expression in rats

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