“…First, there is consensus that grandfathers socialize grandchildren to the dominant culture (Bates, 2009a;Bengtson, Copen, Putney, & Silverstein, 2009) and to family roles and responsibilities (Bates & Goodsell, forthcoming;Goodsell, Bates, & Behnke, 2011;Waldrop et al, 1999). Second, grandfathers serve an important supportive function for their children and grandchildren (Bates, 2009a;Sellers & Milton, 2007)-much like a safety line that can be extended when needed (Hagestad, 1985;Mann & Leeson, 2010). Grandfathers may offer support out of necessity, during times of individual and family crisis (Burton, 1992;Roberto, Allen, & Blieszner, 2001), or may attempt to support the typical development of grandchildren in the absence of parents (Bates & Goodsell, forthcoming;Chan, 2007).…”