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The development of biocompatible nanofibres through electrospinning is a promising method for engineers in the biomedical field. The existing coating technologies in the medical field have various limitations, and more investigations are needed to improve their biocompatibility, controlled release properties, and mechanical strength. Designing new materials that can interact efficiently with biological systems and offer numerous functional advantages is a major challenge in medical device manufacturing and tissue engineering. This chapter reviews the electrospinning approaches used to create biocompatible nanofibres, including their design, fabrication and functionalization. The applications of these nanofibres in medical coatings are also reviewed. Furthermore, we discuss various electrospinning methods, the materials used, and the key parameters that impact fibre morphology and physiochemical properties. Moreover, the incorporation of bioactive elements and drugs into nanofibres for therapeutic applications is also explored. The electrospinning of biologically friendly nanofibres can be an effective approach for improving medical coatings. Such coatings can enhance properties such as drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and implant integration, offering enormous potential for improving patient welfare. Future research areas include investigating the use of more advanced electrospinning procedures for enhanced control over nanofibre composition and design fabrication.
The development of biocompatible nanofibres through electrospinning is a promising method for engineers in the biomedical field. The existing coating technologies in the medical field have various limitations, and more investigations are needed to improve their biocompatibility, controlled release properties, and mechanical strength. Designing new materials that can interact efficiently with biological systems and offer numerous functional advantages is a major challenge in medical device manufacturing and tissue engineering. This chapter reviews the electrospinning approaches used to create biocompatible nanofibres, including their design, fabrication and functionalization. The applications of these nanofibres in medical coatings are also reviewed. Furthermore, we discuss various electrospinning methods, the materials used, and the key parameters that impact fibre morphology and physiochemical properties. Moreover, the incorporation of bioactive elements and drugs into nanofibres for therapeutic applications is also explored. The electrospinning of biologically friendly nanofibres can be an effective approach for improving medical coatings. Such coatings can enhance properties such as drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and implant integration, offering enormous potential for improving patient welfare. Future research areas include investigating the use of more advanced electrospinning procedures for enhanced control over nanofibre composition and design fabrication.
The development of nanofibers with incorporated biologically active molecules with a targeted mode of action is a current research trend. Potential materials for the development of such systems include poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan (CS) nanofibers, which are traditionally fabricated by the electrospinning of aqueous solutions of these polymers with acetic acid. To improve drug integration, ethanol was added to the binary-solvent system. This results in several important data: noticeable shifts in the solvent system’s solubility parameter, the interaction of the various component forces, and optical and rheological properties of the PVA-CS solution. The use of ethanol in the electrospun solution also contributes to adjusting the solubility parameters of the solution in the Teas graph, maintaining the “fh − fd” in the optimal region for the fabrication of PVA-CS nanofibers. Increasing the efficiency of PVA-CS nanofiber fabrication by electrospinning is quite difficult due to the requirements of solution parameters, technological parameters, and environmental parameters; however, this efficiency was increased in this work by 2 to 3 times with a more optimal PVA-CS nanofiber morphology. These results demonstrate that aqueous solution containing 4% PVA, 3% CS, 15% ethanol, and 45% acetic acid is optimal for increasing the nanofiber fabrication productivity, improving the morphology and diameter of PVA-CS nanofibers without changing in chemical bonds. The XRD spectrum revealed that the alterations in the crystal lattice and diameter of the PVA-CS nanofibers led to the variation in their thermal and tensile properties.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a plant-derived polymer known for its excellent anti-adhesive properties, making it suitable for dressings for highly exudative lesions. However, CMC alone is considered an un-spinnable biopolymer due to its complex intermolecular interactions. This study explored the spinnability of CMC through electrospinning by blending it with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at an 8:2 (PVA/CMC) ratio. Two types of PVA with varying molecular weights and degrees of hydrolysis were used at different concentrations. Solutions were prepared with Milli-Q water at 90 °C for about 2 h, followed by electrospinning under different voltages and flow rates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess spinning ability, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) characterized the mats’ chemical composition. Thermal behavior was analyzed using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results showed that the neat PVA.1 solution produced smaller nanofibers (~217.9 nm), while the PVA.1/CMC blend resulted in a smaller fiber diameter (129.9 nm) but with more defects due to higher surface tension. In contrast, PVA.2 and PVA.2/CMC exhibited larger diameters (448.6 nm and 270.1 nm, respectively) and better thermal and morphological stability, indicating their potential for anti-adhesive chronic wound dressings.
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