The influence of afferent and descending pathways on the rhythmical and arrhythmical components of muscular activity in man and the anaesthetized cat

Lippold, O. C. J.; Redfearn, J. W. T.; Vučo, J.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006173

Cited by 44 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…reducing the loop-gain to zero, will abolish it. The mechanism producing the rhythm of physiological tremor (at 8-12 cls) has generally been thought to be of this oscillatory nature because deafferentation abolishes tremor (in tabes dorsalis: Halliday ; in the anaesthetized cat: Lippold et al 1959).…”

Section: Definition Of Physiological Tremormentioning

confidence: 99%

Oscillation in the stretch reflex arc and the origin of the rhythmical, 8–12 c/s component of physiological tremor

Lippold¹

1970

The Journal of Physiology

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280

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SUMMARY1. A brief downward, stepwise displacement applied to the outstretched finger gives rise to a train of approximately sinusoidal movements of it, lasting often more than 1 sec. The frequency of these waves is the same, in any one subject, as that of physiological tremor.2. The oscillations are regular in form, and bear a constant phase relation to the applied displacement; they can be summated using an averaging computer (Biomac 1000) triggered by the mechanical stimulus.3. The oscillations are altered in the same way as is physiological tremor by a number of factors. Cooling the arm before recording lowers the frequency, warming raises it, while the application of an arterial cuffdecreases the amplitude and tends to elevate the frequency. These factors have effects of similar magnitude on both the oscillations and the tremor.It thus appears highly likely that the waves produced by a mechanical input and physiological tremor waves are due to the same process, namely oscillation in an underdamped servo-system. 4. The oscillation is not due simply to the mechanical, die-away resonance of the finger, because bursts of muscle action potentials can be recorded in phase with the finger movements both in the wave train evoked by the mechanical displacement and during normal tremor.5. It is concluded that physiological tremor in the 8-12 cls band is due to oscillation in the stretch reflex servo-loop.

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Section: Definition Of Physiological Tremormentioning

confidence: 99%

Oscillation in the stretch reflex arc and the origin of the rhythmical, 8–12 c/s component of physiological tremor

Lippold¹

1970

The Journal of Physiology

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280

149

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“…Before shivering occurs, this increased gain would cause an increase in muscle tone, by enhancing tonic activity in (for example) postural muscles (Burton & Bronk, 1937; von Euler, 1961;Meigal et al 2003). It would also help sustain or amplify shivering, the magnitude of which depends heavily upon the stretch reflex (Perkins, 1945;Lippold et al 1959).…”

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confidence: 99%

Reflex activation of rat fusimotor neurons by body surface cooling, and its dependence on the medullary raphé

Tanaka

Owens

Nagashima³

et al. 2006

The Journal of Physiology

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The nature of muscle efferent fibre activation during whole body cooling was investigated in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Multiunit efferent activity to the gastrocnemius muscle was detected when the trunk skin was cooled by a water-perfused jacket to below 36.0 ± 0.7• C. That efferent activity was not blocked by hexamethonium (50 mg kg −1 , I.V.) and was not associated with movement or electromyographic activity. Cold-induced efferent activity enhanced the discharge of afferent filaments from the isotonically stretched gastrocnemius muscle, demonstrating that it was fusimotor. Fusimotor neurons were activated by falls in trunk skin temperature, but that activity ceased when the skin was rewarmed, regardless of how low core temperature had fallen. While low core temperature alone was ineffective, a high core temperature could inhibit the fusimotor response to skin cooling. Fusimotor activation by skin cooling was often accompanied by desynchronization of the frontal electroencephalogram (EEG), but was not a simple consequence of cortical arousal, in that warming the scrotum desynchronized the EEG without activating fusimotor fibres. Inhibition of neurons in the rostral medullary raphé by microinjections of glycine (0.5 M, 120-180 nl) reduced the fusimotor response to skin cooling by 95 ± 3%, but did not prevent the EEG response. These results are interpreted as showing a novel thermoregulatory reflex that is triggered by cold exposure. It may underlie the increased muscle tone that precedes overt shivering, and could also serve to amplify shivering. Like several other cold-defence responses, this reflex depends upon neurons in the rostral medullary raphé.

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“…Hamoen (1958). Jasper & Andrews (1938), Lansing (1957, Lindsley (1935), Lippold et al (1959, Marshall &Walsh (1956), andTravis (1929). An additional group of workers has studied the "normal or physiologic tremor," which may be an identical phenomenon.…”

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Measurement of the body surface physiologic tremor or “microvibration”

Pacela¹

1968

Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru.

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Although this study was primarily concerned with instrumentation techniques, preliminary observations indicated that the resting hwnan microvibration contains a large cardiovascular component, probably obscured in previous observations with the electrodynamic velocity sensor.Human microvibrations (MY) are normal or physiologic body surface vibrations of micron amplitude, observed at rest. The microvibration has also been termed the normal or minor tremor. Measurement of such vibrations is of significance in study of Parkinsonism and the Intention Tremor (Wachs& Bushes, 1961), and has been used in experimental psychology to distinguish neurotic, schizophrenic and control Ss (Williams, 1964a). Microvibrations may be described in terms of displacement, or its derivatives as: microdisplacement, microvelocity, and microacceleration. Although early research emphasized this response as being neuromuscular and the source of resting muscle tone, more recent work indicates that the source of MV is at least in part cardiovascular (Brumlik, 1962). A lack of suitable instrumentation has obscured both'the source and the nature of this phenomenon.The term, microvibration, was first applied to the minute vibratory movement of the human body surface by Rohracher in 1946, although he first observed the phenomenon in 1943 (1949, 1962b). Other workers studying MV include Denier (1956Denier ( , 1957, Haider & Lindsley (1964), Heller-Jahnl (1959), Marko (1959), Schrocksnadel et al (1956), Sugano (1957), Sugano &Inanaga (1960), and Williams (1963, I964a, b). Although Rohracher described the phenomenon as a normal physiological function involved in generation of resting muscle tone and body temperature regulation, Sugano & Inanaga (1960) described it as a kind of minor tremor.The results of tremor research are closely related to study of the human microvibration; the same instrumentation can be used to study both. Of particular interest in tremor research is the work of Chase et al (1965), Cooper et al (1957), Halliday & Redfearn (1956). Hamoen (1958). Jasper & Andrews (1938), Lansing (1957, Lindsley (1935), Lippold et al (1959, Marshall &Walsh (1956), andTravis (1929). An additional group of workers has studied the "normal or physiologic tremor," which may be an identical phenomenon. This group includes Brumlik (1962), Bushes et al (1960), Wachs et al (1960), and Wachs& Bushes (196 I (1947, 1948), althoush these workers were not specificaDy concerned with MY or tremor measurements.Without doubt, Rohrac:her is the pioneer in themicl'O,ibration field

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The influence of afferent and descending pathways on the rhythmical and arrhythmical components of muscular activity in man and the anaesthetized cat

Cited by 44 publications

References 6 publications

Oscillation in the stretch reflex arc and the origin of the rhythmical, 8–12 c/s component of physiological tremor

Oscillation in the stretch reflex arc and the origin of the rhythmical, 8–12 c/s component of physiological tremor

Reflex activation of rat fusimotor neurons by body surface cooling, and its dependence on the medullary raphé

Measurement of the body surface physiologic tremor or “microvibration”

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