The Influence of Age on Acute Renal Toxicity of Uranyl Nitrate in the Dog

Pelayo, Juan C.; Andrews, Peter M.; Coffey, Aline K.; Calcagno, Philip L.; Eisner, Gilbert M.; José, Pedro A.

doi:10.1203/00006450-198312000-00012

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The importanceof age of subjectsexposed to uranium has been studied in laboratoryanimals (dogs and rats), but data are lacking on the toxicity of uranium in children or the relativedifferences,if any, in toxicity in children compared with toxicity in adults. Pelayo et al (1983) showed that young dogs (age 1-2 weeks) injectedwith solubleuranyl nitratewere more resistantto the effects of uranium than were somewhatolder dogs (3-5 weeks). Voegtlin and Hodge (1953) found that the toxicity of ingested uranium in rats of different ages was highly variable (perhapsdue to changing ability to absorb soluble uranium from the gastro-intestinal tract with age.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Uraniultin Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uranium hexafluoride public risk

Fisher¹,

Hui²,

Yurconic³

et al. 1994

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The limiting value for uranium toxicity in a humanbeing should be based on the concentration of uranium (U) in the kidneys. The threshold for nephrotoxicity appears to lie very near 3 Pg U per gram kidney tissue. There does not appear to be strong scientific support for any other improved estimate, either higher or lower than this, of the threshold for uranium nephrotoxicity in a humanbeing. The value 3 Pg U per gram kidney is the concentration that results from a single intake of about 30 mg soluble uranium by inhalation (assuming the metabolism of a standard person).

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Section: Toxicity Of Uraniultin Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uranium hexafluoride public risk

Fisher¹,

Hui²,

Yurconic³

et al. 1994

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show abstract

“…Uranyl nitrate: Neonatal puppies are more resistant to uranyl nitrate-induced nephrotoxic effects (Pelayo et al 1983). These authors had speculated that developmental changes occurring in the perfusion of superficial glomeruli, distribution of renal blood flow and tubular transport may affect susceptibility to various toxic agents.…”

Section: When Adults Are More Susceptible To Toxic Substances Than Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These authors had speculated that developmental changes occurring in the perfusion of superficial glomeruli, distribution of renal blood flow and tubular transport may affect susceptibility to various toxic agents. In their study, Pelayo et al (1983) assessed the influence of uranyl nitrate on the occurrence of acute renal failure in canine puppies 1 to 2 weeks and 3 to 5 weeks old. Consistent with their prediction, they observed a greater degree of morphologic and functional alteration in the oldest groups of puppies following UN exposure.…”

Section: When Adults Are More Susceptible To Toxic Substances Than Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Default Assumption That Children Are Always at Risk

Calabrese¹

2001

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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This paper establishes that non-elderly healthy adult animal models commonly display greater susceptibility than young animals to both acute and a wide range of chronic toxic effects from agents representing numerous chemical classes, including pharmaceutical agents and agents typically regulated as environmental/occupational pollutants. While the general belief that the young are likely to be at enhanced risk compared to adults remains the predominant perspective, the not-infrequent occurrence of greater susceptibility in adults raises questions about the utility of a generic default uncertainty factor (UF) for the young and suggests consideration of categorical UFs.

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“…For two principal reasons, this issue is difficult to resolve at the present time. First, there are few data for estimating the threshold concentration of U for chemical toxicity in the kidneys of infants and children, although experiments with young dogs indicated an increased resistance to functional and morphological alterations in the youngest animals (Pelayo et al 1983).…”

Section: Consideration Of Other Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Kidney Burden and Radiation Dose from Chronic Ingestion of U

1989

Health Physics

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Metabolic models for U in adults recommended by Wrenn et al. (1985) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 1979a) were used to study the relationship between kidney burden and radiation dose from chronic ingestion of soluble 238U or natural U and whether current radiation standards for the public provide adequate protection against chemical toxicity from U in the kidney. We assumed that the threshold concentration for chemical toxicity is 1 microgram of U g-1 of kidney and that a safety factor of 10 should be applied in limiting kidney burdens for maximally exposed individuals in the general public. We found that a limit on annual effective dose equivalent of 1 mSv (0.1 rem) for chronic exposures of the public from all sources, as recommended by the ICRP (1985) and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP 1987), corresponds to concentrations of U in the kidney from chronic ingestion that exceed the assumed threshold for chemical toxicity of 1 microgram g-1 only for 238U using the metabolic model of the ICRP (1979a). However, using either metabolic model (ICRP 1979a; Wrenn et al. 1985), the predicted concentrations of U in the kidney exceeded the limit of 0.1 microgram g-1, based on the assumed safety factor for protection of the public, for both 238U and natural U. From these results, we concluded that chemical toxicity should be considered in developing health protection standards for the public for ingestion of soluble 238U or natural U. Environmental radiation standards for certain practices established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (EPA 1987a, 1987b, 1987c, 1987d; NRC 1988a) are consistent with a limit on annual effective dose equivalent of 0.25 mSv (25 mrem) per practice. If the metabolic model of Wrenn et al. (1985) is assumed to be appropriate for chronic ingestion of soluble U in the environment, then the dose limit of 0.25 mSv corresponds to a concentration of 238U or natural U in the kidney that is below the assumed limit of 0.1 microgram g-1 for members of the public. Inhalation of soluble and insoluble U and ingestion of insoluble U were considered. Except for inhalation of soluble U, these modes of intake reduced predicted concentrations in the kidney per unit effective dose equivalent compared with values for ingestion of soluble U. Unresolved issues of importance for determining the significance of chemical toxicity relative to radiation dose in establishing limits on public exposures for U also are discussed.

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The Influence of Age on Acute Renal Toxicity of Uranyl Nitrate in the Dog

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Uranium hexafluoride public risk

Uranium hexafluoride public risk

Assessing the Default Assumption That Children Are Always at Risk

Relationship Between Kidney Burden and Radiation Dose from Chronic Ingestion of U

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