The Influence of Agency Policies on Conducted Energy Device Use and Police Use of Lethal Force

Ferdik, Frank V.; Kaminski, Robert J.; Cooney, Mikaela D.; Sevigny, Eric L.

doi:10.1177/1098611114548098

Cited by 51 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Other than that males are more likely than females to be subjected to a TASER than other forms of force (Crow & Adrion, 2011;Gau et al, 2010), that OC spray is less likely to be effective on subjects who are under the influence of drugs compared with those who are not (Adang et al, 2006;Kaminski et al, 1999), and that departmental policy affects the use of OC spray and TASERs (Bishopp et al, 2014;Crow & Adrion, 2011;Ferdik et al, 2014;Morabito & Doerner, 1997), there is little consistency in findings. Other than that males are more likely than females to be subjected to a TASER than other forms of force (Crow & Adrion, 2011;Gau et al, 2010), that OC spray is less likely to be effective on subjects who are under the influence of drugs compared with those who are not (Adang et al, 2006;Kaminski et al, 1999), and that departmental policy affects the use of OC spray and TASERs (Bishopp et al, 2014;Crow & Adrion, 2011;Ferdik et al, 2014;Morabito & Doerner, 1997), there is little consistency in findings.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although OC spray and TASERs are usually placed at the same level on use of force continua (Alpert & Dunham, 2010;Alpert et al, 2011; International Association of Chiefs of Police [IACP], 2005), there is variability between departments as to the level at which they are placed (Adams & Jennison, 2007;Government Accountability Office, 2005). Where OC spray and TASERs are located on the continuum of force matters when understanding the circumstances in which the weapons are used (Bishopp et al, 2014;Crow & Adrion, 2011;Ferdik et al, 2014;Morabito & Doerner, 1997). Where OC spray and TASERs are located on the continuum of force matters when understanding the circumstances in which the weapons are used (Bishopp et al, 2014;Crow & Adrion, 2011;Ferdik et al, 2014;Morabito & Doerner, 1997).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 In response to the greater prevalence and use of less lethal weapons, particularly oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray and TASERs, a substantial amount of research has been conducted on issues related to them. "Effectiveness" has been defined in three primary ways (Thomas, Collins, & Lovrich, 2010): (a) the ability of OC spray and TASERs to induce subject compliance (e.g., Adang, Kaminski, Howell, & Mensink, 2006;Kaminski, Edwards, & Johnson, 1999;Morabito & Doerner, 1997;White & Ready, 2007, 2010, (b) the ability of OC spray and TASERs to reduce officer and citizen injuries associated with their use (e.g., Kaminski, Edwards, & Johnson, 1998;Kaminski, Engle, Rojek, Smith, & Alpert, 2013;Lin & Jones, 2010;Paoline, Terrill, & Ingram, 2012;Smith, Kaminski, Rojek, Alpert, & Mathis, 2007;Taylor & Woods, 2010;Terrill & Paoline, 2012a), and (c) the reduction in cases of lethal force as a result of their use (Amnesty International, 2004;Ferdik, Kaminski, Cooney, & Sevigny, 2014;Force, 2004;Ho, Dawes, Johnson, Lundin, & Miner, 2007;Smith et al, 2009;Sousa, Ready, & Ault, 2010;Thomas et al, 2010). Studies have examined the factors associated with the use of OC spray (Morabito & Doerner, 1997) and TASERs (Bishopp, Klinger, & Morris, 2014;Crow & Adrion, 2011;Gau, Mosher, & Pratt, 2010) as well as the effectiveness of both types of less lethal weapons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, researchers have analyzed the frequency with which different types of force are used before, during, and after OC spray or TASERs are introduced in departments (e.g., Lin & Jones, 2010;Lumb & Friday, 1997). Finally, and most recently, researchers have examined the role that agency policy (e.g., CED placement on use of force continua) plays in determining levels of less lethal weaponry usage (e.g., Bishopp et al, 2014;Crow & Adrion, 2011;Ferdik et al, 2014;Morabito & Doerner, 1997). "Effectiveness" has been defined in three primary ways (Thomas, Collins, & Lovrich, 2010): (a) the ability of OC spray and TASERs to induce subject compliance (e.g., Adang, Kaminski, Howell, & Mensink, 2006;Kaminski, Edwards, & Johnson, 1999;Morabito & Doerner, 1997;White & Ready, 2007, 2010, (b) the ability of OC spray and TASERs to reduce officer and citizen injuries associated with their use (e.g., Kaminski, Edwards, & Johnson, 1998;Kaminski, Engle, Rojek, Smith, & Alpert, 2013;Lin & Jones, 2010;Paoline, Terrill, & Ingram, 2012;Smith, Kaminski, Rojek, Alpert, & Mathis, 2007;Taylor & Woods, 2010;Terrill & Paoline, 2012a), and (c) the reduction in cases of lethal force as a result of their use (Amnesty International, 2004;Ferdik, Kaminski, Cooney, & Sevigny, 2014;Force, 2004;Ho, Dawes, Johnson, Lundin, & Miner, 2007;Smith et al, 2009;Sousa, Ready, & Ault, 2010;Thomas et al, 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oleoresin Capsicum Spray and TASERs

Brandl

Stroshine

2016

Criminal Justice Policy Review

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In the last few decades, several less lethal forms of force have been introduced, adopted, and deployed by police agencies. Oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray is now used in nearly every department across the United States; the Thomas A. Swift Electric Rifle (TASER) is used in the majority of police departments. Despite their widespread use, we still know relatively little about the factors associated with the use of OC spray and TASERs and the effectiveness of these weapons in incapacitating subjects. Knowing when these weapons are used and whether they are effective would provide for a more complete understanding of their strengths and limitations and inform the debate about where less lethal weapons should be placed on use of force continua. This article contributes to the discussion by analyzing 504 use-of-force incidents where the police used OC spray or TASERs during the event. Data were obtained from a large municipal police department on incidents that occurred in 2010 and 2011. Policy considerations and directions for further research are discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oleoresin Capsicum Spray and TASERs

Brandl

Stroshine

2016

Criminal Justice Policy Review

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“…Additionally, the adoption of equipment originally utilized by the military (Kitchen & Rygiel, 2014;Salter, 2014;Gabinet, 2011) has demonstrated positive outcomes for both officers and the public. Conducted energy weapons (CEWs) for example, are a less-lethal tool that is commonly used in situations where lethal force would be appropriate (Brandl & Stroshine, 2017;Ferdik, Kaminski, Cooney, & Sevigny, 2014;Ho, Dawes, Johnson, Lundin, & Miner, 2007;White & Ready, 2007). Numerous empirical examinations have shown CEWs are quite effective at gaining control over subjects, while reducing injury rates for subjects and officers (e.g., MacDonald, Kaminski, & Smith, 2009;Paoline, Terrill, & Ingram, 2012;Smith & Petrocelli, 2002;Taylor et al, 2009).…”

Section: Conceptualizing Police Militarizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canadian Police Tactical Units: The Normalization of Police Militarization or a Pragmatic Response to High-Risk Calls?

Jenkins¹

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Police tactical units (PTUs) were originally developed to be small teams of officers who respond to high-risk calls with specialized training and equipment designed to minimize harm to both the public and officers. The limited research available suggests that, much like their American counterparts, Canadian PTUs have become normalized in that they commonly respond to 'routine' calls. This thesis sought to expand upon previous literature by moving beyond crude data (e.g., original calls for service) to determine the presence of risk-factors in PTU calls, which may explain when and why these teams are used. Throughout interviews with patrol and tactical officers it became clear that PTUs are consistently used for high-risk calls, resulting in safer outcomes due in part to their level of training and equipment. These findings conflict with previous assumptions that PTUs are analogous to the police waging war on the public it is supposed to serve.

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Reducing Violence and Aggression in Police Officers

Harris

2017

The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression

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Police organizations employ a variety of means to minimize aggression and violence in their officers, from recruitment and selection processes to on‐the‐job training and monitoring as well as policy development. This chapter touches upon all of these means through a consideration of US police departments but particularly focuses on the ways in which police agencies attempt to locate and intervene with officers who exhibit performance problems, particularly with regard to aggressive and violent behavior. While there exists a body of work around police misconduct regarding aggression and violence on the part of officers, there is much less knowledge around whether or not current intervention efforts are sufficient, so the chapter concludes with a discussion of future research efforts to help illuminate this issue.

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The Influence of Agency Policies on Conducted Energy Device Use and Police Use of Lethal Force

Cited by 51 publications

References 32 publications

Oleoresin Capsicum Spray and TASERs

Oleoresin Capsicum Spray and TASERs

Canadian Police Tactical Units: The Normalization of Police Militarization or a Pragmatic Response to High-Risk Calls?

Reducing Violence and Aggression in Police Officers

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