The Influence of Amino Acids on Iron Absorption

Kroe, Donald; Kinney, Thomas D.; Kaufman, Nathan; Klavins, Janis V.

doi:10.1182/blood.v21.5.546.546

Cited by 72 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It is postulated that in a medium of low pH, food iron is dissolved and ionized and that if the low pH is maintained then the formation of insoluble iron complexes is delayed. The effect of gastric secretion could equally well be due to pepsin which would promote the digestion of iron-containing foods and also increase the concentration of free amino acids in the gut which themselves may stimulate absorption (Kroe, Kinney, Kaufman and Klavins, 1963). The role of acid may be merely to provide a suitable pH for peptic activity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastric Acidity and Iron Absorption

Jacobs¹,

Rhodes²,

Peters³

et al. 1966

Br J Haematol

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ACHLORHYDRIA has been recognized as an associated feature of iron deficiency anaemia for many years (Faber, 1909; Witts, 1930). There has, however, been little agreement as to the part playcd by gastric acid in the absorption of iron from the intestinal tract. Early workers produced evidence that iron absorption was greater in the presence of normal gastric acidity than in cases of achlorhydria (Minot and Heath, 1932; Heilnieyer and Plotner, 1936;Barer and Fowler, 1937). Others found that this was not the case (Moore, Arrowsmith, Welch and Minnich, 1939; Grace, Doig and Wale 1954; Pirzio-Biroli, Bothwell and Finch, 1958).More recently Goldberg, Lochhcad and Dagg (1963) and Cook, Brown and Valberg (1964) have shown that in some circumstances iron is better absorbed by subjects with normal gastric acid than in those with a histamine fast achlorhydria.In the present investigation quantitative studies of both iron absorption and of gastric acid production have been made in patients with iron deficiency anaemia and additional observations have bccn made in normal subjects. The relationship betwccn iron absorption and gaatric secretory capacity is cxamincd. METHODSHaenloglobin levels and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) were mcasured by standard methods (Dacie and Lewis, 1963). Serum iron concentration was dctermincd by the method of Ramsay (1957). The secretion of gastric acid was measured by the continuous histamine infusion technique of Lawrie, Smith and Forrest (1964) which measures secretory rate after the maximum output has been obtained. Iron absorption was measured with a tracer dose of radioactive FeCI, which was given halfway through a standard test meal similar to that used by Pirzio-Biroli et al. (1958). Thc meal was eaten after an overnight fast. It consisted of tomato juice 2 fluid oz., bread 2 oz., butter + oz., chicken breast I oz., tinned pcaches 5 oz., and pcach juicc I fluid 02. The total iron content was io mg. In the first 17 tests iopc. of 59Fc was used as the tracer dose and faeces were collectcd for 8 days.Great care was taken throughout to ensure a complete faecal collection. The radioactivity of the faeces was measured in a ring of eight G26 Pb Geiger tubes and absorption was calculated from the difference between the amount of 59Fe ingested and the amount excreted. In the remaining nineteen tests the double isotope technique as adapted by Pirzio-Biroli et al. (1958) was used. As the oral dose, 1 2 . 3~~. of 55Fe was used, and after the meal was completed an intravenous dose of 0.7 pc. 59Fe as ferric citrate was given. The amounts of 55Fe and 59Fe in the red cells 14 days later were measured by liquid scintillation counting in a Packard Tricarb 3214 spectrometer aftcr chemical extraction (Eakins and Brown, 1966). Absorption of the oral iron was calculated from the formula: Activity of "FeActivity of 9Fe in in blood sample intravenous dose ctivity of 59Fe Activity of 55Fe in in blood sample oral dosc 728 "/o "Fc absorbed = A X x IOO.

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confidence: 99%

Gastric Acidity and Iron Absorption

Jacobs¹,

Rhodes²,

Peters³

et al. 1966

Br J Haematol

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“…The F did not contain any calcium, magnesium or phosphate salts which may inhibit iron absorption. Furthermore, the lysine and histidine contained in the F also improve the iron bioavailability [28]. The composition is shown in Table 3.…”

Section: Product Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Anemia Owing to Increased Menstrual Blood Loss: Activity of Physiological Modulators

Cornelli

Belcaro²

2015

J Hematol

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Background: Heavy menstrual bleeding can lead to iron-deficiency anemia. The objective was to ascertain whether daily administration of a formula containing iron, essential amino acids, ascorbic acid and B-group vitamins for 28 days will increase hemoglobin levels by 0.5 g/dL and reduce menstrual bleeding. The formula (F) was conceived according to the physiological modulation concept to increase Hb levels and protect Hb from oxidation.Methods: This is a single blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 26 anemic women (Hb < 12 g/dL) with heavy menstruation. Hemoglobin, iron balance, cell count and menstrual bleeding were measured after treatment with placebo and F. Results:A much higher quantity of Hb was generated by treatment with F than expected (2.6 g/dL instead of 0.5 g/dL). The iron-related variables (iron, ferritin and transferrin), cell count (erythrocytes and platelets) and erythrocyte characteristics (mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)) improved. Menstrual blood flow decreased significantly. Conclusion:There is no clear explanation of the results unless the F stimulates the mobilization of a "hidden" iron reserve, not detectable by ferritin levels, and triggers Hb synthesis and a decrease in menstrual bleeding.

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“…Organic ligands can facilitate the transport of trace elements across biological membranes. Accordingly, the absorption of Fe, Cu or Zn in vivo is improved by the intake of appropriate complexes or amino acid supplements (KROE et al 1963, KIRCH-GESSNER and GRASSMANN 1970, VAN CAMPEN 1972, SCHWARZ andKIRCHGESSNER 1975 [461). In vitro studies using everted intestinal sacs from rats given normal zinc supply showed that among a number of amino acids tested, cysteine and histidine a t high molar excess compared to zinc greatly enhanced the intestinal Zn uptake (FORTH et al 1974) and, yet more so, the Zn transfer M + S (FORTH et al 1974, KIKCHGESSNER andSCHWARZ 1975 [46]).…”

Section: 2 Zn Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Dependence of Intestinal Uptake and Transfer of Different Zinc Compounds after Deficient and Adequate Zinc Intake

Schwarz

Kirchgeßner

1977

Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelk

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Zusammenfassung Die intestinale Aufnahme und der celluläre Transport von Zink bei unterschiedlichem Zinkversorgungs‐Status Die intestinale Aufnahme und der celluläre Transport von Zink wurden an umgestülpten Darmsäckchen von Zn‐Depletions‐ und ausreichend Zn‐versorgten Ratten untersucht. Das Zink wurde als ZnCl2 oder versetzt mit den Liganden Histidin bzw. EDTA in einem molaren Verhältnis Zn: Ligand von 1: 150 bzw. 1: 10 der Inkubationslösung zugegeben. Analog wurden auch die intestinale Aufnahme und der celluläre Transport der Liganden studiert. Die intestinale Zn‐Absorption paßt sich der nutritiven Zn‐Versorgung an. Im Zn‐Mangel ist neben der mucosalen Zn‐Aufnahme insbesondere der Zn‐Durchtritt Mucosa → Serosa um ein Vielfaches höher als bei ausreichender Zn‐Versorgung. Demgegenüber verändert sich der Zn‐Durchtritt Serosa → Mucosa nicht adaptiv. Die Zulage des Liganden Histidin erhöht vor allem den cellulären Zn‐Transport Mucosa → Serosa. Besonders deutlich ist dieser Effekt im Zn‐Mangel. Bei dem entgegengesetzten Durchtritt Serosa → Mucosa wird durch Histidin nur die Zn‐Aufnahme der Darmwand verstärkt. Der Ligand EDTA verbessert zwar bei ausreichend an Zn‐versorgten Ratten den Zn‐Durchtritt Mucosa → Serosa gegenüber alleiniger Zugabe von ZnCl2, im Zn‐Mangel paßt sich dieser Transport jedoch nicht der veränderten Zn‐Versorgung an. Demnach bestimmt die intestinale Absorption des Liganden EDTA die Zn‐Aufnahme und den Zn‐Durchtritt. 2,4‐Dinitrophenol verringert die mucosale Zn‐Aufnahme nur nach Zulage von ZnCl2 oder ZnCl2 mit Histidin. Der Durchtritt Mucosa → Serosa wird um so stärker gehemmt, je höher der celluläre Transport ist. Der Durchtritt Serosa → Mucosa wird dagegen nur bei ausreichend Zn‐versorgten Ratten geringfügig durch 2,4‐Dinitrophenol vermindert.

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The Influence of Amino Acids on Iron Absorption

Cited by 72 publications

References 5 publications

Gastric Acidity and Iron Absorption

Gastric Acidity and Iron Absorption

Treatment of Anemia Owing to Increased Menstrual Blood Loss: Activity of Physiological Modulators

Metabolic Dependence of Intestinal Uptake and Transfer of Different Zinc Compounds after Deficient and Adequate Zinc Intake

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