The influence of ammoniates on ¹⁴CO₂ assimilation in flax

Abstract

A 1 μM solution of ammoniates [ZnCu(NH 3 ) n ] 2+ (CO 3 ) 2-was inserted into a cut shoot of flax with the transpiration stream of water. Analysis of the 14 C content after 14 CO 2 assimilation by the shoot showed that ammoniates increased radioactive label contents in the tissues (especially in the young leaves and stem). In the leaves the higher sucrose to hexoses ratio, an increased radioactivity of glycerate and malate and decreased incorporation of 14 C into oligosaccharides and pigments were observed. These effects were more pronounced in the young leaves. Spraying of plants with 20 mM solution resulted in an increase of plant height and leaf number.Additional key words: apoplast, assimilate transport, Linum usitatissimum, photosynthesis, physiologically active substances, plant productivity. ⎯⎯⎯⎯It is often found that high nitrogen nutrition leads to increased shoot to root mass ratio, which can be negative in the case of root crops such as cassava (Cruz et al. 2004). In the previous investigations it was shown that the reason of a relative decrease of assimilate export from leaves in plants fertilized with nitrogen was not a decrease of sucrose synthesis as a result of diverting photosynthesis primary products to the formation of nitrogen-containing compounds in the leaf, but sucrose hydrolysis in the apoplast (Chikov et al. 2001). Since in the apoplast sucrose hydrolysis occurs mainly by acid invertase it should be expected that apoplastic fluid acidity must influence this process. The validity of this conclusion was proved in the experiments with artificial changing the extracellular space acidity. Measurements of 14 CO 2 fixation rates and 14 C content in the apoplast in plants transiently placed under a bell-jar with the atmosphere containing either HCl vapour or NH 3 vapour showed (Chikov 1987) the opposite actions of the investigated factors on photosynthetic rate and the 14 C content in the leaf apoplast. The acidification suppressed 14 CO 2 fixation by the leaf, with the labelled assimilates being accumulated in the apoplast. Conversely, the ammonia vapours had some stimulating effect on photosynthesis and decreased the 14 C-labelled substances content in the apoplast. Thus, to weaken sucrose hydrolysis in the apoplast it is necessary to decrease the extracellular aqueous medium acidity. To make such a situation in the apoplast we decided to use complex compounds with the general formula of [M (NH 3 )n] +m A -m ]. It was supposed that the metal of the complex in the form of a cation surrounded with ammonia would be adsorbed on the cell walls in the apoplast (Blinda et al. 1997) and thereby would extrude H + out of the aqueous medium increasing the pH value.Furthermore, the alkalization of the apoplastic fluid may also occur when a part of NH 3 molecules goes out of the complex compounds to their environment, because the complex persists even if a part of NH 3 molecules has released. An increase in apoplastic pH after fumigation of a leaf with NH 3 was observed by Felle and Hanstein (2002). Althoug...

Contradiction of Human Selection Activities to the Evolutionary Development of Ground Plants Will Lead to the Ecological Disaster

“…The calculation of plant number per meter in the adjacent rows showed explicit dependence on fertilizers in the soil near the seeds ( Figure 5). In fertilized areas, the seedling number was less (by Our previous researches [5,6] of the mineral fertilizer (particularly nitrates) and ammoniate effect on photosynthesis allow to assume that they effect mainly through the change of photosynthetic metabolism and transport of the main end product of photosynthesis ̶ saccharose from the leaves. Evaluation of photosynthetic metabolism of 14C [8] showed its dependence on the intensity of assimilant export from the leaves and the activity of photosynthetic product use by acceptors, which decreased under the influence of nitrates [9].…”

“…To this effect, it is necessary to reduce the nitrate level in the area of germinating seed (washed sand). An additional effect can be obtained [5] when plants are sprayed with zinc and copper ammoniates, which enhance the carbohydrate orientation of photosynthesis [6] and their export from leaves to economically important organs [7]. Since our previous works on the study of the photosynthetic carbon metabolism orientation showed its dependence on the photosynthetic product use intensity by acceptors [8], which also depends on the nitrate nutrition level [9], in conditions of low nitrate nutrition, when it is difficult to use carbohydrate photosynthetic products, sugars can be used for On the abscissa axis is the soil in which the plants were grown (soil,sand and sand, but the plants were sprayed with a solution of (10-4 M) ammoniate STO.…”

"Humanity Violates the Objective Laws of Nature Leading to an Ecological Catastrophe"

“…Under inhibition of assimilate export from the leaf (for example, as a result of a decrease in the number or activity of sink organs), it will be difficult to load sucrose into an overfull phloem. There will be an increase in its concentration in the apoplast, which will cause vacuolization of the phloem companion cells (as it is observed at an increase in the concentration of nitrates or NO, activation of the invertase by its substrate, increased sucrose hydrolysis and subsequent stomatal closure [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40].…”

The Main Trouble of Humanity is Misunderstanding of the Principles of Biological Systems Regulation and their Evolutionary Development

“…Based on this, a method was found to influence the formation and export of photosynthetic products from leaf to acceptor organs, which made it possible to outline the ways of purposeful control of the production process of plants. Then, the obtained data on nitrates effect on photosynthesis [3] made it possible to explain the reasons and propose a way to prevent massive fires in forests. As it turned out, any decrease in the carbohydrate orientation of photosynthesis (a decrease in sucrose synthesis, the main transport product of photosynthesis), leads to a decrease in the formation of oxygen by plants and photorespiration increase (lightstimulated formation of carbon dioxide).…”