The Influence of Atmospheric Structure and Motions on Insect Migration

Drake, V. A.; Farrow, Roger

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.33.010188.001151

Cited by 277 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…In contrast, the function of migration is to actively relocate the insect to a habitat that is, or will be, better equipped with resources than the present habitat (26). The long-distance movement of insects is most efficiently achieved by utilising the rapid winds situated above the FBL (27). Though the numbers are extremely small, Culicoides midges have been collected at altitudes of up to 300 m in North America (28), 900 m in Mexico, 4,000 m in Louisiana (29) and 2,000 m in Kenya (30); these observations underpin the assumption that Culicoides are transported over long distances on winds.…”

Section: Long-range Dispersal Of Culicoides Midgesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges: vector range and the influence of climate change

Elbers¹,

Koenraadt²,

Meiswinkel³

2015

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

112

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SummaryVector-borne animal diseases pose a continuous and substantial threat to livestock economies around the globe. Increasing international travel, the globalisation of trade, and climate change are likely to play a progressively more important role in the introduction, establishment and spread of arthropod-borne pathogens worldwide. A review of the literature reveals that many climatic variables, functioning singly or in combination, exert varying effects on the distribution and range of Culicoides vector midges and mosquitoes. For example, higher temperatures may be associated with increased insect abundancethereby amplifying the risk of disease transmission -but there are no indications yet of dramatic shifts occurring in the geographic range of Culicoides midges. However, the same cannot be said for mosquitoes: over the last few decades, multiple Asian species have established themselves in Europe, spread and are unlikely to ever be eradicated. Research on how insects respond to changes in climate is still in its infancy. The authors argue that we need to grasp how other annectant changes, such as extremes in precipitation (drought and flooding), may affect the dispersal capability of mosquitoes. Models are useful for assessing the interplay between mosquito vectors expanding their range and the native flora and fauna; however, ecological studies employing classical mark-release-recapture techniques remain essential for addressing fundamental questions about the survival and dispersal of mosquito species, with the resulting parameters fed directly into new-generation disease transmission models. Studies on the eventual impact of mosquitoes on animal and human health should be tackled through large-scale integrated research programmes. Such an approach calls for more collaborative efforts, along the lines of the One Health Initiative.

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Section: Long-range Dispersal Of Culicoides Midgesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges: vector range and the influence of climate change

Elbers¹,

Koenraadt²,

Meiswinkel³

2015

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

112

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“…Studies made with both entomological and meteorological radars over the last 40 years (see The Radar Entomology Website http://www.pems.adfa. edu.au/ws9104004/trews/) have revealed many fascinating phenomena, but among the most frequently reported are the occurrence of layer concentrations (Drake & Farrow 1988;Gatehouse 1997), and the fact that the insects forming these layers often show a degree of common orientation (Riley & Reynolds 1986;Riley 1989;Gatehouse 1997). Insect layers can occur at various times of the day, e.g.…”

Section: The Formation Of Layers By Windborne Insect Migrantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We are concerned here with insect layers that persist for periods of 1 hour or more at approximately the same altitude (or have shown gradual changes in altitude) under conditions of a stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer; we do not consider layers that may follow the passage of mesoscale disturbances such as density currents (e.g. storm outflows and sea-breeze fronts), bores, hydraulic jumps and solitary waves (Schaefer 1976;Drake 1985a;Drake & Farrow 1988;Reynolds & Riley 1988). …”

Section: The Phenomenology Of Layeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does a ‘turbophoretic’ effect account for layer concentrations of insects migrating in the stable night-time atmosphere?

Reynolds

Riley

2008

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Large migrating insects, such as noctuid moths and acridoid grasshoppers, flying within the stable nocturnal boundary layer commonly become concentrated into horizontal layers. These layers frequently occur near the top of the surface temperature inversion where warm fast-moving airflows provide good conditions for downwind migration. On some occasions, a layer may coincide with a higher altitude temperature maximum such as a subsidence inversion, while on others, it may seem unrelated to any obvious feature in the vertical profile of meteorological variables. Insects within the layers are frequently orientated, either downwind or at an angle to the wind, but the mechanisms involved in both layer formation and common orientation have remained elusive. Here, we show through the results of numerical simulations that if insects are treated as neutrally buoyant particles, they tend to be advected by vertical gusts (through the 'turbophoretic' mechanism) into layers in the atmosphere where the turbulent kinetic energy has local minima. These locations typically coincide with local maxima in the wind speed and/or air temperature, and they may also provide cues for orientation. However, the degree of layering predicted by this model is very much weaker than that observed in the field. We have therefore hypothesized that insects behave in a way that amplifies the turbophoretic effect by initiating climbs or descents in response to vertical gusts. New simulations incorporating this behaviour demonstrated the formation of layers that closely mimic field observations, both in the degree of concentration in layers and the rate at which they form.

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“…Carter & Prince 1981;Harvell et al 2004;McCallum et al 2004) that inform efforts to curb taxa that spread disease and blight crops on land (e.g. Drake & Farrow 1988;Brown & Hovmøller 2002) as well as efforts to maintain the larval dispersal that replenishes stocks of food organisms and essential biological components of ecosystems in the seas (e.g. Steneck 2006).…”

Section: Unified Solutions?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A biophysical perspective on dispersal and the geography of evolution in marine and terrestrial systems

Dawson

Hamner

2007

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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The fluid mechanics of marine and terrestrial systems are surprisingly similar at many spatial and temporal scales. Not surprisingly, the dispersal of organisms that float, swim or fly is influenced by the fluid environments of air and seawater. Nonetheless, it has been argued repeatedly that the geography of evolution differs fundamentally between marine and terrestrial taxa. Might this view emanate from qualitative contrasts between the pelagic ocean and terrestrial land conflated by anthropocentric perception of within-and betweenrealm variation? We draw on recent advances in biogeography to identify two pairs of biophysically similar marine and terrestrial settings-(i) aerial and marine microplankton and (ii) true islands and brackish seawater lakes-which have similar geographies of evolution. Commonalities at these scales, the largest and smallest biogeographic scales, delimit the geographical extents that can possibly characterize evolution in the remaining majority of species. The geographies of evolution therefore differ statistically, not fundamentally, between marine and terrestrial systems. Comparing the geography of evolution in diverse non-microplanktonic and non-island species from a biophysical perspective is an essential next step for quantifying precisely how marine and terrestrial systems differ and is an important yet under-explored avenue of macroecology.

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The Influence of Atmospheric Structure and Motions on Insect Migration

Cited by 277 publications

References 63 publications

Mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges: vector range and the influence of climate change

Mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges: vector range and the influence of climate change

Does a ‘turbophoretic’ effect account for layer concentrations of insects migrating in the stable night-time atmosphere?

A biophysical perspective on dispersal and the geography of evolution in marine and terrestrial systems

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