The influence of autumn management and companion grass on the development of white clover over winter in mixed swards

Patterson, J. D.; Laidlaw, A. S.; McBRIDE, Jan

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1995.tb02329.x

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Previous experiments have found increased clover production over time when the interval between defoliation was extended from 28 to 56 d (Wilman and Asiegbu, ; Patterson et al ., ). However, in both of these previous experiments, the HM attained was very low, approximately 1·5–3·7 times lower than in the present experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effects of simulated summer‐to‐winter grazing management on herbage production in a grass–clover sward

Phelan

Casey

Humphreys

2013

Grass and Forage Science

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The effects of summer‐to‐winter simulated grazing management factors, namely defoliation interval (INT: 21, 42, 56 or 84 d), defoliation height (DH: 2·7, 3·6, 5·3 or 6·0 cm) and final defoliation date (FIN: 23 September, 4 November or 16 December) on herbage production in a grass–clover sward were studied. Treatments were imposed between July and December 2008, with all plots under common management in the following March to June 2009. The 42‐d INT achieved the highest (P < 0·001) total herbage yield at 11·00 t DM ha−1. Shorter (21 d) and longer (56–84 d) intervals reduced annual clover herbage yield and biological nitrogen fixation estimates. Lowering DH from 6·0 to 2·7 cm in the summer‐to‐winter period increased sward clover content and clover herbage yield through to the following June, 6 months after treatments ended. Delaying FIN from 23 September to 16 December had no significant effect on annual clover, grass or total herbage yield. Spring–summer clover herbage yield was positively correlated with spring–summer clover stolon mass (R2 = 0·54, P < 0·001) and, to a lesser extent, light penetration through the sward in the previous winter (R2 = 0·16, P < 0·05). A 42‐d INT with low DH (2·7–3·5 cm) is therefore recommended for grass–clover swards.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effects of simulated summer‐to‐winter grazing management on herbage production in a grass–clover sward

Phelan

Casey

Humphreys

2013

Grass and Forage Science

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“…Some modelling based approaches to grass/clover interactions have emphasized the importance of nitrogen build-up and its feedback inhibition on fixation in affecting the ' cycling ' of relative grass and clover yields over time. However, in practice a largely empirical approach has been taken and selection based on performance over a number of years, sometimes with a range of different companion varieties, in mixed plots under cutting or a management regime more closely simulating likely use of white clover on the farm (Evans & Williams 1987;Patterson et al 1995;Gilliland 1996).…”

Section: Compatibility With Companion Grassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in breeding perennial clovers for temperate agriculture

2005

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Abberton, M. T., Marshall, A. H. (2005). Progress in breeding perennial clovers for temperate agriculture: centenary review. Journal of Agricultural Science, 143 (2-3), 117-135White clover (Trifolium repens L.) and red clover (T. pratense L.) are the most important legumes of temperate pastures. The former is used largely in systems based around sheep or cattle grazing and is grown together with a companion grass. Breeding aims to optimize the white clover contribution to the sward. This means that yield per se is not the aim but rather to take full advantage of the benefits of white clover; in particular, nitrogen fixation, high protein content, digestibility, mineral content and high intake. The objective is an agronomically and, as far as possible, nutritionally balanced sward, thus persistence of white clover and yield stability over a number of years are key goals. A considerable focus of germplasm improvement has therefore been overcoming biotic and abiotic stresses to clover performance. The former include not only pests and diseases but also the impact of the ruminant animal and the competitive interaction with the companion grass, while abiotic stress could be loosely defined as ?winter hardiness? and ?summer survival? depending on the site. In recent years the focus of many breeding efforts has shifted to give more consideration to the effects of variation within white clover germplasm on animal performance and the environment. Beneficial effects on productivity have been known for many years, but recent studies of the impact of forage diets on meat and milk quality have opened up new opportunities for improvement. Diffuse pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural sources is high on the environmental protection agenda of many governments. Breeding efforts are now being made to reduce the contribution of clovers to both direct (leaching) and indirect (through animal returns) pollution. In particular, recent insights into mechanisms affecting protein breakdown in the rumen and silo offer new prospects for breeding interventions to reduce environmental impacts. Molecular marker methods are being developed in white clover and the transfer and use of resources and information accumulating in the model legumes Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus is likely to be a major route by which the power of genomic approaches is translated into forage legume improvement. Hybrids of white clover and related species have been developed to introgress key traits; namely, drought tolerance, grazing tolerance of large leaf types and enhanced seed yield, for which only limited genetic variation is present within the white clover gene pool. Red clover is less persistent than white clover, is typically cut three or more times in a season and is used to make silage for winter feed. Although it is often grown with a companion grass, monocultures are common and yield per se as well as persistency and pest and disease resistance are major breeding aims. Fewer agronomic studies and less germplasm improvement have bee...

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“…Hence, the values presented do not correspond with the spring population density as a proportion of the autumn population density data described earlier. It is widely believed that well-developed stolons in autumn are considered beneficial to white clover growth in the following year (Frame and Newbould, 1986;Patterson et al, 1995). There were no significant differences in winter survival among white clover cultivars in any of the experiments (Table 2).…”

Section: White Clover Seedling Survivalmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…On 6 May an attempt was made to count the white clover seedlings again, but this proved difficult because of the tall, weedy canopy. Counts in three mixtures (twenty-five quadrats) showed It is widely believed that well-developed stolons in autumn are considered beneficial to white clover growth in the following year (Frame and Newbould, 1986;Patterson et al, 1995). For ley systems, Harris et al (1983) warned that in colder latitudes the period after harvesting winter cereals might be too short for satisfactory plant development before winter onset.…”

Section: White Clover Seedling Survivalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of white clover cultivar and companion grass on winter survival of seedlings in autumn‐sown swards

Elgersma

Schlepers

2003

Grass and Forage Science

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The aim was to study the effects of white clover cultivar and combinations with perennial ryegrass cultivars on seedling establishment in autumn‐sown swards and on winter survival of seedlings. Large‐leaved white clover cv. Alice and small‐leaved white clover cv. Gwenda, and an erect and a prostrate perennial ryegrass cultivar were sown in autumn in pure stands and as four binary grass‐clover mixtures. Mixtures of white clover cv. Huia and Aberherald with perennial ryegrass were also sown. Companion grasses had no significant impact on the establishment of white clover. The number of seedlings of white clover cv. Alice in mixtures (335 m−2) was higher than cv. Gwenda (183 m−2) and pure swards had similar white clover population densities as mixed swards. White clover cv. Huia tended to have more seedlings than Aberherald (355 and 205 m−2 respectively). No stolons were produced prior to a severe winter, because of the late sowing date. Winter survival of clover seedlings was 0·56 in mixtures and 0·69 in pure stands, irrespective of white clover or companion grass cultivar. Stolon development of white clover in autumn is often considered essential for overwintering survival and spring growth. In this study, there was considerable survival of the non‐stoloniferous tap‐rooted seedlings of all four clover cultivars despite a severe winter.

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The influence of autumn management and companion grass on the development of white clover over winter in mixed swards

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

The effects of simulated summer‐to‐winter grazing management on herbage production in a grass–clover sward

The effects of simulated summer‐to‐winter grazing management on herbage production in a grass–clover sward

Progress in breeding perennial clovers for temperate agriculture

Effects of white clover cultivar and companion grass on winter survival of seedlings in autumn‐sown swards

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