The influence of cloze probability and item constraint on cloze task response time

Staub, Adrian; Grant, Martin; Astheimer, Lori B.; Cohen, Andrew L.

doi:10.1016/j.jml.2015.02.004

Cited by 98 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…We computed entropy for each word using the entropy package in R (Hausser, Strimmer, & Strimmer, 2014). However, like Staub et al (2015), we found that entropy is strongly correlated with the cloze probability of the modal response (r = À0.95). In other words, as participants became more unanimous in their response on the cloze task, the number of different responses decreased.…”

Section: Eye Movements In Readingsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…This is likely because function words are more restricted in the range of their lengths than content words. These results serve as a useful reminder that the cloze procedure is a production task (Smith & Levy, 2011;Staub et al, 2015) and is subject to the same cognitive constraints as other production tasks: words that are longer and/or less frequent can be harder to produce (and thus to generate in a cloze procedure). These findings also indicate that the predictability of a word increases both within a given sentence and within a passage, as the number of sentences accumulates.…”

Section: Survey Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Influences on cloze scores Staub et al (2015) showed that participants in a cloze task respond more rapidly when contextual constraint is higher. Smith and Levy (2011) showed that lexical properties of a word such as frequency, length, familiarity, and age of acquisition can influence the likelihood that a given word will be produced in a cloze task.…”

Section: Survey Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These low R 2 values indicate that while the fixed effects have significant predictive value, they still leave a great deal of variance in the cloze scores unaccounted for. In other words, cloze scores capture information about the predictability of upcoming words that is much greater than the sum of these lexical, positional and semantic predictor variables, and should thus be preferred as an index of predictability (Staub, 2015;Staub et al, 2015).…”

Section: Survey Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, language researchers have not been precise in their use of the term prediction. DeLong et al (2014) note many different ways that the word prediction has been used by researchers (see also Staub, Grant, Astheimer, & Cohen, 2015). It can be defined as ''the all-or-none process of activating a linguistic term (a word) in advance of perceptual input" (DeLong et al, 2014, p. 632), a sense that we will term lexical prediction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Limits on lexical prediction during reading

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Christianson

2016

Cognitive Psychology

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Section: Eye Movements In Readingsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Survey Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Survey Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Survey Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Limits on lexical prediction during reading

Luke

Christianson

2016

Cognitive Psychology

188

199

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Predictive processing of music and language in autism: Evidence from Mandarin and English speakers

Zhao,

Ong,

Veic

et al. 2024

Autism Research

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Atypical predictive processing has been associated with autism across multiple domains, based mainly on artificial antecedents and consequents. As structured sequences where expectations derive from implicit learning of combinatorial principles, language and music provide naturalistic stimuli for investigating predictive processing. In this study, we matched melodic and sentence stimuli in cloze probabilities and examined musical and linguistic prediction in Mandarin‐ (Experiment 1) and English‐speaking (Experiment 2) autistic and non‐autistic individuals using both production and perception tasks. In the production tasks, participants listened to unfinished melodies/sentences and then produced the final notes/words to complete these items. In the perception tasks, participants provided expectedness ratings of the completed melodies/sentences based on the most frequent notes/words in the norms. While Experiment 1 showed intact musical prediction but atypical linguistic prediction in autism in the Mandarin sample that demonstrated imbalanced musical training experience and receptive vocabulary skills between groups, the group difference disappeared in a more closely matched sample of English speakers in Experiment 2. These findings suggest the importance of taking an individual differences approach when investigating predictive processing in music and language in autism, as the difficulty in prediction in autism may not be due to generalized problems with prediction in any type of complex sequence processing.

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Semantic feature activation takes time: longer SOA elicits earlier priming effects during reading

Hofmann

Roelke-Wellmann

et al. 2022

Cogn Process

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While most previous studies of “semantic” priming confound associative and semantic relations, here we use a simple co-occurrence-based approach to examine “pure” semantic priming, while experimentally controlling for associative relations. We define associative relations by the co-occurrence of words in the sentences of a large text corpus. Contextual-semantic feature overlap, in contrast, is defined by the number of common associates that the prime shares with the target. Then we revisit the spreading activation theory and examine whether a long vs. short time available for semantic feature activation leads to early vs. late viewing time effects on the target words of a sentence reading experiment. We independently manipulate contextual-semantic feature overlap of two primes with one target word in sentences of the form pronoun, verb prime, article, adjective prime and target noun, e. g., "She rides the gray elephant." The results showed that long-SOA (verb-noun) overlap reduces early single and first fixation durations of the target noun, and short-SOA (adjective-noun) overlap reduces late go-past durations. This result pattern can be explained by the spreading activation theory: The semantic features of the prime words need some time to become sufficiently active before they can reliably affect target processing. Therefore, the verb can act on the target noun's early eye-movement measures presented three words later, while the adjective is presented immediately prior to the target—thus a difficult adjective-noun semantic integration leads to a late sentence re-examination of the preceding words.

show abstract

The influence of cloze probability and item constraint on cloze task response time

Cited by 98 publications

References 40 publications

Limits on lexical prediction during reading

Limits on lexical prediction during reading

Predictive processing of music and language in autism: Evidence from Mandarin and English speakers

Semantic feature activation takes time: longer SOA elicits earlier priming effects during reading

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