“…Previous research on social presence in online learning has highlighted its complexity, involving various factors such as communication, engagement, and collaboration (Natarajan & Joseph, 2022;Xu, Li, & Luo, 2021). Several strategies have been identified to enhance social presence in online learning environments, including facilitating student interaction and cooperation, promoting group cohesion and identification, providing timely feedback and support, and utilizing multimedia technologies to enhance learner engagement (Aldosari, Alramthi, & Eid, 2022;Chen, Sun, & Wang, 2022). However, in the Indonesian context, additional sociocultural aspects must be considered while building contact among students in virtual classrooms.…”