The influence of color on reactions to incomplete figures.

Berg, J. van den; Polyot, C. J.

doi:10.1037/h0042401

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 7 publications

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“…Studies investigating the first part of this hypothesis have shown mixed results. There is, however, some evidence that achromatic cards are more likely to elicit emotionally inhibited responses and depressive themes whereas chromatic cards are more likely to arouse emotional involvement (Siipola 1950;Exner 1959;Exner and Depauw 1962;Drechsler 1960;Crumpton and Groot 1966;Ray 1975;Silva and Ferreira 2014). For example, chromatic cards have been found to produce a higher number of responses, a longer reaction time, and to be evaluated as more pleasant or unpleasant than achromatic ones.…”

Section: Color-affect Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus Features of the Object Relations Technique Affecting the Linguistic Qualities of Individuals’ Narratives

Negri

Ongis

2021

J Psycholinguist Res

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Previous studies on projective techniques have investigated the effects of variation in stimulus features on individuals’ response behavior. In particular, the influence of chromatic colors and form definition on the images elicited by the stimuli has been tested. Most studies have focused on the Rorschach and TAT and have examined effects in terms of variables such as reality testing and reactions to perceptual details. This is the first study to examine the effects of variation in visual stimuli as represented in features of the Object Relations Technique (ORT) cards on linguistic indicators of connection to emotional experience using measures of the referential process. The ORT was administered to 207 Italian non-clinical participants to explore effects of color, form and content variation on language style. The sample was stratified by age, gender, marital status and education to be representative of the Italian population. The stories told in response to the card images were rated using computerized linguistic measures, including the Weighted Referential Activity Dictionary—Italian version (IWRAD) which indicates the degree to which language is connected to nonverbal experience, and the Weighted Reflection/Reorganization List—Italian version (IWRRL) which detects a linguistic style of personal re-elaboration of emotional experience. The results provide support for the color-affect and form-reality testing hypotheses. Cards with better form definition, including color definition, and with fewer silhouettes of people elicited responses that were higher in IWRAD and lower in IWRRL, and also higher in the degree to which the two measures varied together. Implications of the results for use of ORT in clinical assessment and intervention are discussed.

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Section: Color-affect Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus Features of the Object Relations Technique Affecting the Linguistic Qualities of Individuals’ Narratives

Negri

Ongis

2021

J Psycholinguist Res

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Effect of form-color incongruity on responses to inkblots

Wolpin

Hamlin

1959

J. Clin. Psychol.

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Research using Rorschach or other inkblot materials has in general not supported, nor clarified, the hypothesis that "color shock" phenomena depend on an association between color and affect as suggested by Rorschach Schachtel (9) and others. Siipola ('O) and Bruner and Postman(6) have offered an alternative hypothesis, essentially that it is the incongruity between what is suggested by the form of a blot and what is suggested by the color which leads to the behaviors which are labelled emotional. A subject will encounter certain difficulties when asked to identify ((a cat colored like a frog" @)), or a playing card with color and suit reversed, such as the three of hearts colored black(6).When asked to identify, or respond in some other way to, a stimulus with such form-color incongruity, the behavior of subjects may be characterized by longer reaction times, more variability in content of responses, and more verbalized awareness of color. Furthermore, some subjects may show "disruption" in their behavior: "a gross failure of the subject to organize the perceptual field at a level of eaciency usually associated with a given viewing condition" @).The effects of form-color incongruity have in general been supported by experimental studies where the stimuli were selected on an a priori basis to maximize incongruity, and where the experimental procedure imposed systematic limits on the responses which a subject could give. As examples, the studies of Bruner and Postman(6), Berlyne(4), and Hamlin, Stone, and Moskowitz(6) may be cited as clearly supporting the incongruity hypothesis. Each of these studies employed widely different procedures and stimuli, and different responses; yet all agree in confirming the effect of perceptual incongruity in increasing response time. In contrast to such studies, other experiments have attempted to confirm the incongruity hypothesis with various "unstructured" stimuli, and with responses consisting of (5nventive associations" to a blot or the like. These studies have yielded conflicting and inconclusive results. The studies of Siipola(l0), Lazarus and Oldfield (7), and of Berg and P01yot'~) may be cited as examples. These studies justify the conclusion that the effect of incongruity is at least very difficult to demonstrate with unstructured materials and free responses resembling those employed in the Rorschach. HYPOTHESESThe present paper reports experimental results pertinent to the problem of demonstrating the effect of form-color incongruity with unstructured inkblots and with Rorschach-like responses. The following hypotheses were tested : (a) Incongruity will increase reaction times. (b) Incongruity will decrease number of popular responses. (c) Incongruity will increase use of color as a determinant. PROCEDUREAn analysis of variance design was used with 204 female undergraduate students at the University of Pittsburgh. Each subject was given an Ishihara color-blindness test and was asked if she had ever taken a Rorschach test. No subject was included, in computing results...

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The Connotative Impact of Color on the Rorschach and its Relation to Manifest Anxiety

Levy

Kurz

1957

Journal of Personality

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1 HE QUESTION of the psychoIogical role of color on the Rorschach Test IS still an unanswered one Several studies (1, 2, 4, 5, 10) making use of chromatic and achromatic^ versions of the blots have made many of the alleged effects of color suspect by failing to demonstrate differences in response measures which could not be attributed to other factors, particularly card difficulty or structure These studies in effect deny that color plays any role in the test On the other hand, studies by Supola (11) using normal 5"s and Wallin (13) using "unstable" 6"s have demonstrated that color may give rise to differences in affective attitudes toward the blots Noting the differences in the kinds of response measures used in the Supola and Wallin studies and those used m the studies failing to find differential effect attributable to color, one is led to suspect that the response measures used in these latter studies (eg, reaction time, R, form level, etc ) may not be sensitive to the effects of color, at least m normal 5"s Supola (11) has suggested that the presence of color may confront the 6" with a more difficult lntegrational task ("hue-form incongruity") than he can handle For some j's this could conceivably result in increased response latency and other signs of affective disturbance usually subsumed under the concept of "color shock " The results of a recent study by Berg and Polyot (3), however, cast some doubt on the Supola hypothesis Using incomplete figures in various ' In this article the term "achromabc" will refer to blots which are colored in the standard set but vrfiich have been reproduced m black and white, and the term "noncolor" will refer to blots in the standard set which are normally black and white 618 LEON H LEVY AND RONALD B. KURZ

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The influence of color on reactions to incomplete figures.

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Stimulus Features of the Object Relations Technique Affecting the Linguistic Qualities of Individuals’ Narratives

Stimulus Features of the Object Relations Technique Affecting the Linguistic Qualities of Individuals’ Narratives

Effect of form-color incongruity on responses to inkblots

The Connotative Impact of Color on the Rorschach and its Relation to Manifest Anxiety

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