“…For the Council, Rauh's (2021) operationalization is employed, that is, the variance of member state preferences within the Council with regard to left–right, and pro-anti EU positions. I also use Rauh's (2021) data for my measure of preference heterogeneity within the Commission, that is, whether proposals were adopted by the college via an oral or written procedure, with the use of oral procedures indicating a higher level of intra-institutional conflict (Killermann, 2018).…”