The influence of comorbid depression and overweight status on peripheral inflammation and cortisol levels

McLaughlin, Anna; Nikkheslat, Naghmeh; Hastings, Caitlin; Nettis, Maria Antonietta; Kose, Melisa; Worrell, Courtney; Zajkowska, Zuzanna; Enache, Daniela; Lombardo, Giulia; Pointon, Linda; Cowen, Philip J.; Cavanagh, Jonathan; Harrison, Neil A.; Bullmore, Edward T.; Pariante, Carmine; Mondelli, Valeria

doi:10.1017/s0033291721000088

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Statin use was significantly associated with decreases in CRP; however, antidepressants were significantly associated with increases in CRP and TNFR1. These findings are consistent with prior literature linking obesity and diabetes (Fried et al, 2020;Mclaughlin et al, 2021;Ouakinin et al, 2018;Siddiqui et al, 2019) and medications such as antidepressants and statins (Hussain and Ballantyne, 2021;Vogelzangs et al, 2012) with inflammation. Depressive symptoms may be associated with inflammation by a common pathophysiology with obesity and metabolic conditions (Fried et al, 2020;Lamers et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Associations of perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and caregiving with inflammation: a longitudinal study

Elayoubi

Haley

Roth

et al. 2022

Int. Psychogeriatr.

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Objectives: Higher inflammation has been linked to poor physical and mental health outcomes, and mortality, but few studies have rigorously examined whether changes in perceived stress and depressive symptoms are associated with increased inflammation within family caregivers and non-caregivers in a longitudinal design. Design: Longitudinal Study. Setting: REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke cohort study. Participants: Participants included 239 individuals who were not caregivers at baseline but transitioned to providing substantial and sustained caregiving over time. They were initially matched to 241 non-caregiver comparisons on age, sex, race, education, marital status, self-rated health, and history of cardiovascular disease. Blood was drawn at baseline and approximately 9.3 years at follow-up for both groups. Measurements: Perceived Stress Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, inflammatory biomarkers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, D dimer, tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-10 taken at baseline and follow-up. Results: Although at follow-up, caregivers showed significantly greater worsening in perceived stress and depressive symptoms compared to non-caregivers, there were few significant associations between depressive symptoms or perceived stress on inflammation for either group. Inflammation, however, was associated with multiple demographic and health variables, including age, race, obesity, and use of medications for hypertension and diabetes for caregivers and non-caregivers. Conclusions: These findings illustrate the complexity of studying the associations between stress, depressive symptoms, and inflammation in older adults, where these associations may depend on demographic, disease, and medication effects. Future studies should examine whether resilience factors may prevent increased inflammation in older caregivers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Associations of perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and caregiving with inflammation: a longitudinal study

Elayoubi

Haley

Roth

et al. 2022

Int. Psychogeriatr.

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“…Emerging evidence indicates that inflammation-related depression is associated with neurovegetative/somatic symptoms, 65,94 poor response to current treatment, 203 and metabolic dysregulation. 92,176,204 Regarding treatment target, while IL-6 and CRP have been studied extensively, a system-level, biomarker-based approach is needed to understand which immune pathways are causal and therefore represent the most promising therapeutic targets. Regarding choice of intervention, identification of specific causal targets may aid selection of specific monoclonal antibodies and also, depending upon the target population, nonspecific broad spectrum pharmacological (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and nonpharmacological (e.g., diet, exercise) interventions.…”

Section: Early-life Immuno-metabolic Alterations As Potential Prevent...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal and Childhood Immuno-Metabolic Risk Factors for Adult Depression and Psychosis

Kappelmann

Perry

Khandaker

2022

Harv Rev Psychiatry

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Depression and psychosis have a developmental component to their origin. Epidemiologic evidence, which we synthesize in this nonsystematic review, suggests that early-life infection, inflammation, and metabolic alterations could play a role in the etiology of these psychiatric disorders. The risk of depression and psychosis is associated with prenatal maternal and childhood infections, which could be mediated by impaired neurodevelopment. Evidence suggests linear dose-response associations between elevated concentrations of circulating inflammatory markers in childhood, particularly the inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6, and the risk for depression and psychosis subsequently in early adulthood. Childhood inflammatory markers are also associated with persistence of depressive symptoms subsequently in adolescence and early adulthood. Developmental trajectories reflecting persistently high insulin levels during childhood and adolescence are associated with a higher risk of psychosis in adulthood, whereas increased adiposity during and after puberty is associated with the risk of depression. Together, these findings suggest that higher levels of infection, inflammation, and metabolic alterations commonly seen in people with depression and psychosis could be a cause for, rather than simply a consequence of, these disorders. Therefore, early-life immuno-metabolic alterations, as well as factors influencing these alterations such as adversity or maltreatment, could represent targets for prevention of these psychiatric disorders. Inflammation could also be an important treatment target for depression and psychosis. The field requires further research to examine sensitive periods when exposure to such immuno-metabolic alterations is most harmful. Interventional studies are also needed to test the potential usefulness of targeting early-life immuno-metabolic alterations for preventing adult depression and psychosis.

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“…Approximately 25% of patients with depression present with elevated peripheral inflammation ( Osimo et al, 2019 ), but it is important to separate whether inflammation may be caused by the high rates of obesity in this group. McLaughlin et al (2021) looked at overweight individuals with or without depression and matched them with healthy weight controls. They found that C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, a key plasma marker of inflammation, were higher in the overweight group with depression than in other groups (2.2 mg/L for overweight and depressed patients, 1.3 mg/L for overweight controls and 0.7 mg/L for normal weight and depressed).…”

Section: Evidence For Intermittent Fasting and Ketogenic Diets In Neu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Neuroinflammation Underlie the Cognitive Changes Observed With Dietary Interventions?

Robbins

Solito²

2022

Front. Neurosci.

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Dietary interventions, such as calorie restriction and ketogenic diet, have been extensively studied in ageing research, including in cognitive decline. Epidemiological studies indicate beneficial effects of certain dietary regimes on mental health, including mood disorders and dementia. However, randomised-controlled trials (the gold-standard of evidence-based medicine) on calorie restriction diets and the ketogenic diet have yet to show clinically convincing effects in neuropsychiatric disorders. This review will examine the quality of studies and evidence base for the ketogenic and calorie restriction diets in common neuropsychiatric conditions, collating findings from preclinical experiments, case reports or small clinical studies, and randomised controlled clinical trials. The major cellular mechanisms that mediate the effects of these dietary interventions on brain health include neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and neuromodulation. We will discuss the studies that have investigated the roles of these pathways and their interactions. Popularity of the ketogenic and calorie restriction diets has grown both in the public domain and in psychiatry research, allowing for informed review of the efficacy, the limitations, and the side effects of these diets in specific patient populations. In this review we will summarise the clinical evidence for these diets in neuropsychiatry and make suggestions to improve clinical translation of future research studies.

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The influence of comorbid depression and overweight status on peripheral inflammation and cortisol levels

Cited by 21 publications

References 50 publications

Associations of perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and caregiving with inflammation: a longitudinal study

Associations of perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and caregiving with inflammation: a longitudinal study

Prenatal and Childhood Immuno-Metabolic Risk Factors for Adult Depression and Psychosis

Does Neuroinflammation Underlie the Cognitive Changes Observed With Dietary Interventions?

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