The influence of disinfection processes on biofilm formation in water distribution systems

Lund, Vidar; Ormerod, Kari S.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)00280-k

Cited by 73 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…On one hand, our observations support van der Wende and Characklis (1990) who found, with an experimental Roto Torque System (RTS), the accumulation of biomass in the system with the high chlorine concentration (0.8 mg.l -1 , after exposure time of 17 and 38 d) as well as with the low chlorine concentration (0.2 mgl -1 after exposure times of 17 and 45 d). On another hand, this study is not in agreement with Lund and Ormerod (1995) who found that a free chlorine as low as 0.05 mg.l -1 was sufficient to prevent sludge production on the pipe walls, and when the authors reported that less production of biofilm in UV irradiated water, although the difference in methods could explain the fact.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…To achieve this goal, water suppliers have to use disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramine, ozone, UV irradiation and hydrogen peroxide. However, it is well known that these substances easily deteriorate and may promote biofilm formation in distribution systems (Lund and Ormerod, 1995). Consequently, this results in the deterioration of the microbial quality of water treated and supplied for drinking and other domestic purposes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study performed by Clark et al (1994) showed that, after various combinations of ozone, chlorination and chloramination, microorganisms increased on fixed pipe surfaces when disinfectant residual disappeared. A study performed by Lund and Ormerod (1995) showed that no biofilm was formed from chlorinated water containing a residual of 0.04-0.05 mg.l -1 . Most prolific regrowth was found in ozonated water, followed by the control (microstrained) water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evaluation of the impact of disinfection processes on the formation of biofilms in potable surface water distribution systems

Momba

Cloete

Venter

et al. 1998

Water Science and Technology

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluation of the impact of disinfection processes on the formation of biofilms in potable surface water distribution systems

Momba

Cloete

Venter

et al. 1998

Water Science and Technology

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“…It is necessary to consider physicalchemical, biological, and microbiological parameters, to define their share of influence on the changes of the accumulated water, and to decide on further procedure. Stipulating the degree of the individual partial causes of the changes in quality of the treated accumulated and supplied drinking water is necessary for drawing attention to the effective methods of minimising the creation of biological films and present biological life in the water tanks (Lechevallier et al 1987;Lund & Ormerod 1995;Hallam et al 2001;Schwartz et al 2003). In order to implement the project in practice, it was necessary to conclude an agreement with the representatives of the selected water distribution companies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking water quality in the Czech Republic

Ambrožová¹,

Hubackova²,

Cihakova³

2009

Czech J. Food Sci.

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AbstractŘíhová Ambrožová J., Hubáčková J., Čiháková I. (2009): Drinking water quality in the Czech Republic. Czech J. Food Sci., 27: 80-87.The quality of water has to be controlled and monitored by drinking water suppliers during all stages of the treatment process from the water sources to the end of distribution systems. The research, performed in Czech Republic from 2006 to 2008, deals with the assessment of the affect of water tanks on the quality of water supplied to consumers, specifically from various points of view: microbiological, biological and physic-chemical changes in water accumulation. Also studied was the influence of the air on the quality of accumulated water (secondary contamination), the influence of the structural layout and hydraulic ratios. In the project quick screening methods (paddle testers and BART TM tests) were applied in the collection of water samples and scrapings from wetted surfaces of water tanks. The results of the contamination degree discovered in the course of the project solution will serve as basic data for a scale that should evaluate the degree of water tank pollution as well as for resulting corrective measures or optimisation of water tank cleaning. The recommendations of limits for a scraping sample are based especially on the microbiological parameters. Secondary air contamination plays an important role in maintains of biologically stable water. Based on the number of microbial contamination discovered water tanks will be categorised and methods of suitable measures to be taken will be stipulated, operation optimisation as well as cleaning (schedule, methods and frequency of cleaning). The water quality in a storage tanks depends on their maintenance, e.g., to prevent the plaster falling on water surface, the use of antifungal surface coatings (prevention the growth of fungi on walls), the use of ceramics surface of reservoir walls, dark conditions (no windows or blue sheets) in all technological units, the prevention of dust fall out, the selection of suitable air condition and special air filters.

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“…Free chlorine, a strong oxidant, has been reported to be the most effective biocidal agent [12,56,78], as it was reported that process water containing 0.04-0.05 mg/L free chlorine can effectively prevent biofilm [79]. However, the application of free chlorine has been limited due to its potential negative effect on membrane integrity.…”

Section: Prevention Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofouling control of reverse osmosis membranes using free nitrous acid

Filloux¹,

Wang²,

Pidou³

et al.

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Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been widely applied in membrane filtration processes for water purification, since the high selective RO membranes are designed to reject all materials with particle diameter larger than 10 angstrom (Å) [1]. However, this optimal selectivity leads to fouling that can greatly affect the performance and productivity of RO membranes. Biofouling remains as one of the major operational problems in RO processes and is caused by unwanted deposit and growth of microorganisms on the membrane. Numerous biofouling control strategies have been developed to restore the performance of RO membranes, but none of them are able to prevent or remove biofouling completely. A novel cleaning technique using a weak and monobasic acid (pKa=3.34, 25℃) named free nitrous acid (FNA) in combined with hydrogen dioxide (H 2 O 2 ) was proposed.The effects of FNA with or without H 2 O 2 on biofouling of RO membranes were investigated in Chapter 4, five RO membranes with different degree of biofouling were cleaned using FNA has achieved higher biomass removal than NaOH for both heavily fouled (86-96% versus 41-83%) and moderately fouled (92-95% against 89-92%) membranes, respectively.In accordance to the biomass removal, 6-32% of viable cells remained on the moderately fouled RO membranes under the impact of FNA cleaning (pH 3), whereas 38-58% of viable cells stayed on the heavily fouled RO membranes. These results revealed that FNA cleaning is more effective for moderately fouled membranes, implying that early cleaning for biofouling is preferable. Although applying FNA alone, or combining it with H2O2 have shown better efficiency at biofouling removal than NaOH, the cleaning efficiency has not been significantly improved (<1% of enhancement) by adding H 2 O 2 to FNA cleaning solutions. The effects of FNA on scaling of RO membranes were also studied using the same cleaning protocol developed for biofouling control. The results showed that FNA solutions at pH 2.0 and 3.0 were as efficient as conventional cleaning acids (hydrochloric acid and citric acid). The scaling layers which contain 32.4±1.7 g/cm 2 of calcium were completely removed by all acidic cleaning solutions. Based on the results, FNA is shown to be a promising ii cleaning agent for RO membrane biofouling and scaling removal.Further investigation focused on the effectiveness of FNA for biofouling prevention in RO processes (Chapter 5). The results showed that weekly FNA cleanings were unable to prevent fouling in the RO filtration systems, as the hydraulic performances (permeability and salt rejection) of RO membranes have gradually declined over two to three weeks filtration period.Although FNA cleaning was able to restore the permeability of RO membranes for one to two days, continuing declined permeability implied that the fouling rate was greater than the inhibition rate of FNA. The results of prevention tests also showed that FNA was more efficient at biomass inactivation and removal. The biomass contents and viable cells of the fouli...

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The influence of disinfection processes on biofilm formation in water distribution systems

Cited by 73 publications

References 17 publications

Evaluation of the impact of disinfection processes on the formation of biofilms in potable surface water distribution systems

Evaluation of the impact of disinfection processes on the formation of biofilms in potable surface water distribution systems

Drinking water quality in the Czech Republic

Biofouling control of reverse osmosis membranes using free nitrous acid

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