The influence of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide on fish schooling behavior

Moss, Sanford A.; McFarland, William N.

doi:10.1007/bf00352592

Cited by 38 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This may explain why some previous studies (e.g. Moss & McFarland, 1970) found no effect of progressive hypoxia on speed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Previous studies (Moss & McFarland, 1970;Dizon, 1977;Schurman & Steffensen, 1994) tested differences in speed attained at given oxygen concentrations during progressive hypoxia experiments. In the present experiments, the peak in speed (U M ) occurred at different oxygen saturations for each run, depending on U 95-50 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since comparison of swimming speeds at different fixed levels of hypoxia [as made by Moss & McFarland (1970), Dizon (1977) and Schurmann & Steffensen (1994)] may not reveal any significance in speed increase, as the speed increase occurred at various oxygen saturations, a new analysis is introduced that takes into account swimming speeds prior to severe hypoxia. This permits testing the hypothesis that the swimming activity level (speed) preceding severe hypoxia (i.e.…”

Section:      mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these, the rate of deoxygenation seems to be a relevant factor. Moss & McFarland (1970), for instance, found that the swimming speed of schooling anchovies Engraulis mordax Girard did not vary in response to a slow reduction in hypoxia, but increased suddenly in response to a rapid reduction of oxygen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of progressive hypoxia on swimming activity and schooling in Atlantic herring

Domenici

Steffensen

Batty³

2000

Journal of Fish Biology

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Schools of herring exposed to progressive hypoxia show a peak in velocity during severe hypoxia, at 15-34% oxygen saturation, followed by a decrease in swimming speed until school disruption occurred. The observed increase in swimming speed during severe hypoxia reveals a graded response, since the lower the fish's swimming speed prior to severe hypoxia (U 95-50 , the speed at oxygen saturations between 95 and 50%), the greater the relative increase in swimming speed. The oxygen saturations at which both peak velocity and school disruption occurred were lower for fish with lowest U 95-50 , suggesting that the fish with the slowest speed U 95-50 reach their critical P O2 (at which there is respiratory distress) last, i.e. at lower oxygen saturation. At a functional level, it is suggested that herring encountering hypoxia increase their speed in order to find more favourable conditions, and the magnitude of this increase is modulated by their respiratory distress. It is also hypothesised that the observed increase in speed may be related to an increase in the rate of position shifting within the school. Since the oxygen saturation at which the response to hypoxia occurs and the magnitude of the response are related to the fish's preferred speed prior to severe hypoxia, it is suggested that such a preferred speed should be measured in experiments testing the effect of hypoxia on fish behaviour. 2000 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

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“…This may explain why some previous studies (e.g. Moss & McFarland, 1970) found no effect of progressive hypoxia on speed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section:      mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of progressive hypoxia on swimming activity and schooling in Atlantic herring

Domenici

Steffensen

Batty³

2000

Journal of Fish Biology

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“…Earlier studies of northern anchovy Engraulis mordax schools (Moss & McFarland 1970) indicated that a slow decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration did not affect swimming speed but caused small changes in density and nearest neighbour orientation only at near-lethal oxygen concentrations. Recent work on the effect of progressive hypoxia in herring schools has shown that swimming speed is affected and that school disruption and variations in swimming speed during severe hypoxia (defined as less than 50% oxygen saturation) were modulated by the school's swimming speed prior to hypoxia (Domenici et al 2000b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The effect of progressive hypoxia on school structure and dynamics in Atlantic herringClupea harengus

Domenici

Ferrari

Steffensen

et al. 2002

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The effect of progressive hypoxia on the structure and dynamics of herring (Clupea harengus) schools in laboratory conditions was investigated. The length, width and depth of schools of about 20 individuals were measured from video recordings to test the hypothesis that during hypoxia fish schools change their shape and volume. School shape (calculated as the ratios of length/depth, width/depth and length/width) did not change significantly during hypoxia. School length, width, depth, area and volume were all significantly increased at 20% oxygen saturation. Volume, area and width were more sensitive to hypoxia; volume and width were also increased at 25% and area at 30% oxygen saturation.The degree of position changing (shuffling) of individuals within the school was also analysed. Shuffling in normoxia was observed to occur largely through 'O-turn' manoeuvres, a 360°turn executed laterally to the school that allowed fishes in the front to move to the back. O-turn frequency during normoxia was 0.69 O-turns fish Ϫ1 min Ϫ1 but significantly decreased with hypoxia to 0.37 O-turns fish Ϫ1 min Ϫ1 at 30% oxygen saturation. Shuffling was also investigated by measuring the persistence time of individual herring in leading positions (i.e. the first half of the school). No significant changes occurred during hypoxia, indicating that the decrease in O-turn frequency does not affect shuffling rate during hypoxia, and that position shuffling in hypoxic conditions is mainly due to overtaking or falling back by individual fishes.School integrity and positional dynamics are the outcome of trade-offs among a number of biotic factors, such as food, predator defence, mating behaviour and various physical factors that may impose certain limits. Among these, our results indicate that oxygen level modulates schooling behaviour. Oxygen alters whole-school parameters at oxygen saturation values that can be encountered by herring in the field, indicating that oxygen availability is an important factor in the trade-offs that determine school volume. An increase in school volume in the wild may increase the oxygen available to each individual. However, shuffling rate is not affected by hypoxia, indicating that the internal dynamics of positioning is the result of the balance of other factors, for example related to the nutritional state of each individual fish as suggested by previous studies.

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Increased water temperature and turbidity act independently to alter social behavior in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Allibhai

Zanghi

How

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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Changes in environmental conditions can shift the costs and benefits of aggregation or interfere with the sensory perception of near neighbors. This affects group cohesion with potential impacts on the benefits of collective behavior such as reduced predation risk. Organisms are rarely exposed to one stressor in isolation, yet there are only a few studies exploring the interactions between multiple stressors and their effects on social behavior. Here, we tested the effects of increased water temperature How to cite this article:

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The influence of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide on fish schooling behavior

Cited by 38 publications

References 18 publications

The effect of progressive hypoxia on swimming activity and schooling in Atlantic herring

The effect of progressive hypoxia on swimming activity and schooling in Atlantic herring

The effect of progressive hypoxia on school structure and dynamics in Atlantic herringClupea harengus

Increased water temperature and turbidity act independently to alter social behavior in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

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