The Influence of Gender on the Cortical Width of the Lower Border of the Mandible and the Mandibular Cortical Index

Kamber-Ćesir, Alma; Đonlagić, Amela; Ajanović, Muhamed; Strujić-Porović, Sanela; Gavranović, Alma; Kazazić, Lejla; Berhamović, Lejla; Berhamović, Emir

doi:10.5644/ama2006-124.226

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Alias et al 1 conducted a retrospective review of 79 subjects (48 male, 31 female) and demonstrated that the male gender had a significant association with a square-shaped chin, prominent muscle markings, and everted gonial flare. Kamber-Cesir et al 4 measured the mental indices, defined as cortical thickness inferior to the mental foramen, in 120 subjects and found that males had a higher mental index than females. Consistent with the work of Alias et al, 1 our data demonstrate that the male mandible is in general, larger in height and width and has a more acute angle with an average difference of about 7.79 mm, 8.20 mm, and 4.43 degrees, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Male mandibles tend to have a squarer appearance, thicker cortical width below the mental foramen, everted gonial angle, and bulkier masseter musculature compared with females. 1,[4][5][6] These anatomic differences are essential in establishing surgical targets for gender-affirming facial procedures, yet there is a paucity of recent literature describing the normative anatomy of the mandible by sex. A mandible shape that is incongruent with an individual's gender identity can be a barrier to living out their self-experienced gender and negatively impact their psychosocial well-being and quality of life.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the gonial angle has been found to decrease as children age and stabilizes in value by adulthood 3. Male mandibles tend to have a squarer appearance, thicker cortical width below the mental foramen, everted gonial angle, and bulkier masseter musculature compared with females 1,4–6…”

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confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Cephalometric Points in Male and Female Mandibles: An Application to Gender-Affirming Facial Surgery

Perez

Hendershot

Teixeira

et al. 2023

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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Gender-affirming facial surgery is a common intervention for transgender patients because of its ability to decrease the frequency of misgendering. Many anatomic targets can be addressed, but the mandible is the primary aspect of the lower third of the face that is manipulated during these procedures. This study's objective is to quantify the differences in cephalometric measurements between male and female mandibles on maxillofacial imaging, with the goal of identifying surgical targets for gender affirmation. A nonrandomized, retrospective, single-institution, case-control study of 387 patients who underwent maxillofacial computed tomography during 2017-2020 was performed. After excluding patients with imaging that did not capture the entire head or had deforming pathology of the face, a total of 113 patients were included. Cephalometric measurements that corresponded to areas reported by patients as sources of dysphoria were selected for analysis. These included mandibular width, ramus height, lateral flare, masseter volume, total face height, and the values of the mandibular angles in degrees. The relationship of masseter volume to the other measurements was also characterized. Significantly greater masseter volume was seen in males compared with females, and a greater masseter thickness was also seen in males. The mandibular angle was more acute in males than females. Aggregate analysis of muscle volume and thickness was positively correlated with ramus height, lateral flare, and mandibular width. Ramus, mental, and total facial height correlated directly with patient height in males but not in females. These data provide a normative baseline for planning lower facial gender-affirming surgery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Cephalometric Points in Male and Female Mandibles: An Application to Gender-Affirming Facial Surgery

Perez

Hendershot

Teixeira

et al. 2023

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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“…Studies have shown that in men, the volume and thickness of the masseter are significantly greater compared to women, and the mandibular angle is also more acute in men (25,26) . These differences begin in childhood and persist into adulthood.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cephalometric profile analysis between genders. A study protocol

Carvalho Canuto,

Aguirre Guedes,

Cândida Oliveira

et al. 2023

mtprehabjournal

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Background: According to current American Association of Orthodontists guidelines, two-dimensional lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs are recognized as essential components of diagnostic imaging records in orthodontics. Cephalometry is defined as the discipline that analyzes the craniofacial complex in a segmented way, to study the interrelationships between its structures and understand how the growth or alteration of one of these structures can compromise the whole. Through cephalometry, it is possible to indicate the clinical approach for patients, involving dental therapy with intraoral appliances and physical therapy with continuous positive pressure in the upper airway. Objectives: Investigate possible differences in cephalometric anatomical patterns between genders. Methods: This study protocol follows the STROBE - Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. A convenience sample will be used, consisting of teleradiography (cephalograms) of adult patients of both genders, carried out in a private Dental Clinic, located in the city of São José dos Campos (SP), Brazil, by the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six angular and nine linear measurements will be used in the analysis of cephalometric measures according to the study protocol. The exams will be distributed into three groups and paired according to the value of the angle formed between point A nasion and point B nasion (ANB). Groups will be formed by exams with class 1 skeletal relationship (0o < ANB angle ≤ 4º), group 2 with class 2 exams (ANB angle > 4°), and group 3 formed by class 3 exams (ANB angle ≤ 0°). Considerations: In some cases, craniofacial changes may predict the risk of sleep-disordered breathing, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Increased length and thickness of the soft palate and hyoid bone in the mandibular plane and retrognathia are associated with the pathogenesis of OSA. Therefore, the etiology of sleep-disordered breathing may vary in patients according to gender, according to cephalometric analysis.

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The Influence of Gender on the Cortical Width of the Lower Border of the Mandible and the Mandibular Cortical Index

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

Analysis of Cephalometric Points in Male and Female Mandibles: An Application to Gender-Affirming Facial Surgery

Analysis of Cephalometric Points in Male and Female Mandibles: An Application to Gender-Affirming Facial Surgery

Cephalometric profile analysis between genders. A study protocol

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