The influence of hydration status during prolonged endurance exercise on salivary antimicrobial proteins

Killer, Sophie C.; Svendsen, Ida S.; Gleeson, Michael

doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3173-1

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In study 3, dehydration did not significantly influence tear SIgA. Both prolonged exercise (study 2) and dehydration (study 3) brought about a decrease in saliva flow rate and increase in saliva SIgA concentration as shown previously (18,27).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Although a diurnal change in tear SIgA concentration was highlighted, tear SIgA secretion rate was unaffected by hydration status or time of day, providing a potentially stable signal from which to identify atypical deviations in tear SIgA secretion rate to indicate compromised immunity. Saliva responses to prolonged exercise in study 2 and dehydration in study 3 consisted of a wellcharacterized decrease in flow rate, concurrent increase in saliva SIgA concentration (concentrating effect), and no overall change in SIgA secretion rate (5,18,27). The discrepancy between the response of tear and saliva SIgA in study 2 may be explained in part by the differences in the neural regulation of tear and saliva secretions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Tear Fluid SIgA as a Noninvasive Biomarker of Mucosal Immunity and Common Cold Risk

Hanstock

Walsh

Edwards

et al. 2016

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Tear Fluid SIgA as a Noninvasive Biomarker of Mucosal Immunity and Common Cold Risk

Hanstock

Walsh

Edwards

et al. 2016

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…Modest dehydration as a result of heavy training or competition in the heat (typically of the order of 1-4% body mass loss) has been under the spotlight recently in exercise immunology and exercise physiology. [45][46][47] These recent exercise immunology findings harmonize with those from current research in exercise physiology that challenge the widely held belief that modest dehydration decreases exercise performance in the heat. 43 Although recent evidence indicates that modest dehydration may transiently decrease mucosal immunity, 44 the overwhelming balance of evidence suggests that modest dehydration typically experienced by athletes has relatively limited impact on exercise immune responses ( Table 2).…”

Section: Thermal Stress and Immunitysupporting

confidence: 55%

“…7 It is worth noting that individuals exercising in hot (vs cool) conditions tend to fatigue sooner or reduce their work rate so their exposure to exercise stress in the heat tends to be self-limiting. [45][46][47] For example, very recent research shows that modest dehydration (~4% body mass loss) caused by fluid restriction and prolonged moderate-intensity exercise did not affect circulating antigen-stimulated cytokine production, tear fluid IgA or saliva antimicrobial responses, including IgA, lysozyme and lactoferrin. The belief held by some exercise immunologists is that dehydration may impair immune health of athletes as dehydration increases physiological strain and immunomodulatory stress hormones.…”

Section: Thermal Stress and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise, immune function and respiratory infection: An update on the influence of training and environmental stress

2015

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This review outlines recent advancements in the understanding of athlete immune health. Controversies discussed include whether high levels of athletic training and environmental stress (for example, heat acclimation, cryotherapy and hypoxic training) compromise immunity and increase upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Recent findings challenge early exercise immunology doctrine by showing that international athletes performing high-volume training suffer fewer, not greater, URTI episodes than lower-level performers and URTI incidence decreases, not increases, around the time of competition compared with heavy training. Herein we raise the possibility of host genetic influences on URTI and modifiable behavioural and training-related factors underpinning these recent observations. Continued controversy concerns the proportion of URTI symptoms reported by athletes that are due to infectious pathogens, airway inflammation or as yet unknown causes and indeed whether the proportion differs in athletes and non-athletes. Irrespective of the cause of URTI symptoms (infectious or non-infectious), experts broadly agree that self-reported URTI hinders high-volume athletic training but, somewhat surprisingly, less is known about the influence on athletic performance. In athletes under heavy training, both innate and acquired immunity are often observed to decrease, typically 15-25%, but whether relatively modest changes in immunity increase URTI susceptibility remains a major gap in knowledge. With the exception of cell-mediated immunity that tends to be decreased, exercising in environmental extremes does not provide an additional threat to immunity and host defence. Recent evidence suggests that immune health may actually be enhanced by regular intermittent exposures to environmental stress (for example, intermittent hypoxia training).

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“…Lactoferrin and lysozyme, antimicrobial compounds found in saliva secretions [187,188], have been used to monitor longitudinal changes in elite weightlifters [189] and basketball players [190], measured in endurance exercise in which hydration affects secretion [191], and have been shown to increase in response to running at 75 % VO 2max [192]. Intense exercise, however, may reduce their concentration, which may subsequently increase the risk of infection and incidence of URTIs [83].…”

Section: Other Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Lindsay

Costello

2016

Sports Med

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Accurate monitoring of homeostatic perturbations following various psychophysiological stressors is essential in sports and exercise medicine. Various biomarkers are routinely used as monitoring tools in both clinical and elite sport settings. Blood collection and muscle biopsies, both invasive in nature, are considered the gold standard for the analysis of these biomarkers in exercise science. Exploring non-invasive methods of collecting and analysing biomarkers that are capable of providing accurate information regarding exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress is of obvious practical importance. This review describes the potential benefits, and the limitations, of using saliva and urine to ascertain biomarkers capable of identifying important stressors that are routinely encountered before, during, or after intense or unaccustomed exercise, competition, over-training, and inappropriate recovery. In particular, we focus on urinary and saliva biomarkers that have previously been used to monitor muscle damage, inflammation, cardiovascular stress, oxidative stress, hydration status, and brain distress. Evidence is provided from a range of empirical studies suggesting that urine and saliva are both capable of identifying various stressors. Although additional research regarding the efficacy of using urine and/or saliva to indicate the severity of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress is required, it is likely that these non-invasive biomarkers will represent "the future" in sports and exercise medicine.

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The influence of hydration status during prolonged endurance exercise on salivary antimicrobial proteins

Cited by 24 publications

References 39 publications

Tear Fluid SIgA as a Noninvasive Biomarker of Mucosal Immunity and Common Cold Risk

Tear Fluid SIgA as a Noninvasive Biomarker of Mucosal Immunity and Common Cold Risk

Exercise, immune function and respiratory infection: An update on the influence of training and environmental stress

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

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