The influence of induced holes on crashworthy ability of glass reinforced epoxy square tubes

Abstract

The crashworthy ability of glass/epoxy (GFRP) square tubes with induced holes was studied under quasi‐static axial crashing. Four design parameters were chosen, each at three levels, to calculate crashworthiness indicators. The design variables are hole diameter (d), hole position/specimen length (P/L), number of holes/distribution (n), and speed (V). To get the optimum crashworthiness parameters, the design of experiments approach using Taguchi technique was adapted. Optimal conditions with minimum initial peak force (normalFip), maximum absorbed energy (U) and maximum specific energy absorption (SEA) were determined. Main effect, signal/noise ratio (S/N), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were determined using MINITAB 18. Experiments based on L9 orthogonal array were performed. Results indicated that the dominant influencing parameter on normalFip is “n” with a contribution of 93.97%. “V” followed by “d” are the highest influencing parameters on “U” with a contribution of 49.07 and 43.02%, respectively. “d” is the highest influencing parameter on SEA, followed by “V” with a contribution of 50.71% and 46.12%, respectively. Confirmation tests were carried out to validate the estimated model with respect to experimental results. normalFip, U, and SEA of intact tube were 45.05 kN, 830.32 × 10−3 kJ, and 8.23 × 10−3 kJ/g, respectively. The optimum normalFipof GFRP tubes with cutouts was found to be 38.59% smaller than that of the intact specimen. The optimum U and SEA of are, respectively, 4.73% and 25.76% greater than those of intact specimen.

Energy absorption characteristics of E-glass/epoxy over-wrapped aluminum pipes with induced holes: an experimental research

“…12.07% decrease in of Al/GFRP composite pipes was noticed by inducing a enter hole with 12 mm diameter. As reported by Awd Allah et al 29 , it is advised to include cutouts to the walls of crashworthy components for technical purposes such as connecting and weight reduction. A key design objective is to reduce the overall vehicle weight.…”

“…For engineering specifications like internal connection and access or reducing the weight, introducing cutouts in energy dissipating devices walls is suggested 29 . Introducing cutouts offers two advantages.…”

Lightweight cost-effective hybrid materials for energy absorption applications

“…The following are the crushing critical parameters: peak crushing load ( ), mean crushing load ( ), total energy absorption ( , specific energy absorption and crush force efficiency Peak crushing load ( is recorded directly from the obtained load versus displacement plot. It's advised that it be compact enough to stop the energy absorber from imparting the force of the collision to the car 29 . Total energy absorption ( shows how much energy was wasted during collision process, Eq.…”

“…2. Due to its ease and low requirements, this manufacturing method was employed by different investigators in many scholarships 4,5,[27][28][29][30] . The manufacturing process steps can be summarized as follows:…”

“…• Peak crushing load ( F ip ) is recorded directly from the obtained load versus displacement plot. It's advised that it be compact enough to stop the energy absorber from imparting the force of the collision to the car 29 . • Total energy absorption ( U) shows how much energy was wasted during collision process, Eq.…”