“…Several groups have already used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to interpret more in detail the observed electrochemical phenomena and to derive information useful in improving performance and durability [ 8 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. However, the response of a PEM electrolysis system varies significantly with regard to the type and thickness of membrane used, the different anode electrocatalyst, the type of current collector and diffusion media etc.…”