The influence of KCl on biomass ash melting behaviour and high-temperature corrosion of low-alloy steel

Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata; Gołombek, K.; Buk, Paulina; Cieślik, Ewelina; Nowak, Wojciech

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.116062

Cited by 32 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Chlorine is usually present in biomass in low concentrations [84,85]. However, during combustion, hydrochloric acid is formed, which can lead to corrosion in the furnace [86][87][88].…”

Section: Chlorine Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Torrefaction as a Pretreatment Technology for Chlorine Elimination from Biomass: A Case Study Using Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Sá¹,

Loureiro²,

Nunes

et al. 2020

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The recognition of the effects of fossil fuel consumption resulted in several agreements, legislation, and projects focusing on the minimization of impacts caused. Biomass is a versatile energy source. Eucalyptus is a fast-growing crop, mainly used by the pulp and paper industry. Torrefaction is a thermochemical conversion process that can improve biomass fuel properties, enabling its use in the energy sector. However, correct management of biomass is crucial for the sustainability of this process. Torrefaction can also be used to eliminate some elements that can hinder subsequent conversion processes. One example is chlorine, which, during combustion or gasification processes, can form hydrochloric acid that leads to corrosion of metal surfaces. In this context, this research aimed to determine the temperature at which chlorine is eliminated during torrefaction process. For this purpose, several tests were performed at different temperatures and residence times. All samples were analyzed before and after the process, and were characterized by proximate and elemental analysis, calorimetry, and chlorine titration. The analysis showed that, even for the lowest torrefaction temperature used, chlorine content was already below the detection value, showing that, even at lower temperatures, thermal treatment is an efficient technique for the elimination of chlorine from biomass.

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“…Chlorine is usually present in biomass in low concentrations [84,85]. However, during combustion, hydrochloric acid is formed, which can lead to corrosion in the furnace [86][87][88].…”

Section: Chlorine Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Torrefaction as a Pretreatment Technology for Chlorine Elimination from Biomass: A Case Study Using Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Sá¹,

Loureiro²,

Nunes

et al. 2020

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“…(ii) because it has a melting temperature well above 650 ºC. In contrast, the S1, S2 and S3 deposits have chlorides and theoretical melting temperatures of 657, 626 and 690 ºC, respectively [16][17][18]. This means that these deposits partially or totally melted during isothermal tests producing a severe attack.…”

Section: Thermogravimetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sarvghad et al [17] demonstrated that the most vulnerable steels are those with the lowest Cr content when exposed to molten NaCl-Na2SO4 at 700 °C. Mlonka-Medrala et al [18] conducted a thorough study where the effect of the composition of the salts deposited on a low-alloyed steel was analyzed. They found that pure KCl was the most aggressive salt at 550 ºC but the eutectic KCl-K2SO4 mixture was the most aggressive at 600 ºC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, our work intends to shed light on the degradation mechanisms of both a low alloyed T24 steel and a HVOF Ni20Cr coating as a function of salt composition at 650°C to accelerate degradation. The salt mixtures based on NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4 and K2SO4 have been selected according to their eutectic point and because were used as standard deposits employed in the studies described above [16][17][18]. Metal damage of each substrate-coating-deposit system is quantified by gravimetric measurements and dimensional metrology and the corrosion mechanisms are elucidated with the advent of SEM/EDX and XRD techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fireside corrosion on T24 steel pipes and HVOF NiCr coatings exposed to different salt mixtures

et al. 2020

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Fireside corrosion of T24 steel and HVOF NiCr-coated counterparts is investigated. The samples were exposed to different deposits of NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4 and K2SO4 at 650 ºC for 360 h in dry air. The deposit with the highest chloride content (NaCl-KCl) was the most aggressive followed by the ones combining chlorides and sulfates. In contrast, the sulfate-based salts did not produce severe damage. The NiCr coating maintained the integrity of the substrate but the chlorides induced a great attack on the coating. The formation of K2CrO4 and the penetration of chlorides are identified as the main factors of this attack.

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“…Due to the relatively low evaporation temperature, compounds that consist of the aforementioned elements may evaporate in the combustion chamber (Figure 1) and later on condense on the superheater tubes. The problem consists of two different mechanisms and could be detrimental for heat exchanging surfaces, as has been confirmed for a wide range of alloys [29,30].…”

Section: The Problem Of the Fire-side Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Non-Destructive Diagnostic Methods for Fire-Side Corrosion Risk Assessment of Industrial Scale Boilers, Burning Low Quality Solid Biofuels—A Mini Review

Hardy

Arora²,

Pawlak-Kruczek

et al. 2021

Energies

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The use of low-emission combustion technologies in power boilers has contributed to a significant increase in the rate of high-temperature corrosion in boilers and increased risk of failure. The use of low quality biomass and waste, caused by the current policies pressing on the decarbonization of the energy generation sector, might exacerbate this problem. Additionally, all of the effects of the valorization techniques on the inorganic fraction of the solid fuel have become an additional uncertainty. As a result, fast and reliable corrosion diagnostic techniques are slowly becoming a necessity to maintain the security of the energy supply for the power grid. Non-destructive testing methods (NDT) are helpful in detecting these threats. The most important NDT methods, which can be used to assess the degree of corrosion of boiler tubes, detection of the tubes’ surface roughness and the internal structural defects, have been presented in the paper. The idea of the use of optical techniques in the initial diagnosis of boiler evaporators’ surface conditions has also been presented.

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The influence of KCl on biomass ash melting behaviour and high-temperature corrosion of low-alloy steel

Cited by 32 publications

References 28 publications

Torrefaction as a Pretreatment Technology for Chlorine Elimination from Biomass: A Case Study Using Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Torrefaction as a Pretreatment Technology for Chlorine Elimination from Biomass: A Case Study Using Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Fireside corrosion on T24 steel pipes and HVOF NiCr coatings exposed to different salt mixtures

Non-Destructive Diagnostic Methods for Fire-Side Corrosion Risk Assessment of Industrial Scale Boilers, Burning Low Quality Solid Biofuels—A Mini Review

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