The influence of landmark visualization style on expert wayfinders' visual attention during a real-world navigation task

Kapaj, Armand; Lanini-Maggi, Sara; Fabrikant, Sara Irina

doi:10.25436/e2np44

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The behavioral analysis showed that the presence of an stable land will increase the accuracy in the distance estimation (Figure 3 ), indicating that the participants indeed used the landmark to assist their distance estimation. This result is consistent with that of previous studies (Ekstrom et al, 2018 ; Gramann et al, 2017 ; Janzen & Jansen, 2010 ; Kapaj et al, 2021 ). Specifically, the landmark seems to suppress the accumulating path integration errors which refers the declined accuracy in distance estimation and orientation over the long distance (Heinze et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

The role of the parahippocampal cortex in landmark‐based distance estimation based on the contextual hypothesis

Liang

Liao

et al. 2022

Human Brain Mapping

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Parahippocampal cortex (PHC) is a vital neural bases in spatial navigation. However, its functional role is still unclear. “Contextual hypothesis,” which assumes that the PHC participates in processing the spatial association between the landmark and destination, provides a potential answer to the question. Nevertheless, the hypothesis was previously tested using the picture categorization task, which is indirectly related to spatial navigation. By now, study is still needed for testing the hypothesis with a navigation‐related paradigm. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis by an fMRI experiment in which participants performed a distance estimation task in a virtual environment under three different conditions: landmark free (LF), stable landmark (SL), and ambiguous landmark (AL). By analyzing the behavioral data, we found that the presence of an SL improved the participants' performance in distance estimation. Comparing the brain activity in SL‐versus‐LF contrast as well as AL‐versus‐LF contrast, we found that the PHC was activated by the SL rather than by AL when encoding the distance. This indicates that the PHC is elicited by strongly associated context and encodes the landmark reference for distance perception. Furthermore, accessing the representational similarity with the activity of the PHC across conditions, we observed a high similarity within the same condition but low similarity between conditions. This result indicated that the PHC sustains the contextual information for discriminating between scenes. Our findings provided insights into the neural correlates of the landmark information processing from the perspective of contextual hypothesis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

The role of the parahippocampal cortex in landmark‐based distance estimation based on the contextual hypothesis

Liang

Liao

et al. 2022

Human Brain Mapping

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“…Additionally, users generally prefer fully realistic 3D visualizations, which is attributed to the fact that they provide a more naturalistic representation of the environment and are perceived as recognizable, efficient, intuitive, enjoyable, and fun (Hegarty et al, 2009;Liao et al, 2017;Lokka & Çöltekin, 2019;Oulasvirta et al, 2009;Plesa & Cartwright, 2008). However, even though users might prefer fully realisticlooking 3D visualizations, they do not necessarily perform better with these design solutions (Franke & Schweikart, 2017;Hegarty et al, 2009;Kapaj et al, 2021;Kray et al, 2003;Liao et al, 2017;Oulasvirta et al, 2009;Plesa & Cartwright, 2008). Indeed, studies implementing more complex designs into navigation aids have suggested that too much visual information can unnecessarily increase decision times and memory load (Hegarty et al, 2009(Hegarty et al, , 2012Lei et al, 2016;Liao et al, 2017;Lokka & Çöltekin, 2019;Plesa & Cartwright, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some researchers have proposed a depiction of only task-relevant landmarks as realistic 3D models on a 2D basemap (Kapaj et al, 2021;Lei et al, 2016;Liao et al, 2017). As attention is attracted by items that differ from their surroundings (Wolfe & Horowitz, 2017), depicting landmarks as realistic 3D building models on a 2D basemap serves as a bottom-up perceptual guidance by stimulus salience, guiding users' attention to these features (Wolfe & Horowitz, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, the system is improved in two steps: visual attention is organically guided toward salient, task-relevant landmarks on the map display (Richter & Winter, 2014;Wenczel et al, 2017), and the visual matching of those landmarks in the real environment and the mobile map is facilitated by their realistic visualization (Kiefer et al, 2014;Liao et al, 2017;Richter & Winter, 2014). Therefore, these suggested improvements may not only help to enhance usability and wayfinding efficiency but also mitigate the negative effects of navigation aid use (Dahmani & Bohbot, 2020;Ishikawa, 2019;Ruginski et al, 2019) and divided attention on spatial learning (Gardony et al, 2013(Gardony et al, , 2015Hejtmánek et al, 2018;Kapaj et al, 2021) through a reduced mismatch between real and displayed landmarks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we conducted a realworld route following navigation study to assess how different landmark visualization styles might interact with wayfinders' landmark, route, and survey knowledge (Montello, 1998;Siegel & White, 1975). To mitigate visual clutter (Rosenholtz et al, 2007) on the mobile map but to direct wayfinders' visual attention (Wolfe & Horowitz, 2017) to task-relevant landmarks so that they will attend to the environment and engage in spatial learning (Chrastil & Warren, 2012;Gardony et al, 2013Gardony et al, , 2015Hejtmánek et al, 2018;Ishikawa, 2019;Kapaj et al, 2021;Willis et al, 2009), we visualized navigation-relevant landmarks as 3D buildings on a 2D basemap (Lei et al, 2016;Liao et al, 2017). The 3D landmarks were depicted as either realistic (textured) or abstract buildings to assess whether graphic realism affects performance due to added visual information (Hegarty et al, 2009(Hegarty et al, , 2012Lei et al, 2016;Liao et al, 2017;Plesa & Cartwright, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of landmark visualization style on task performance, visual attention, and spatial learning in a real-world navigation task

Kapaj¹,

Hilton²,

Lanini-Maggi³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Humans increasingly rely on mobile maps to facilitate everyday mobility. These omnipresent navigation aids deteriorate spatial learning by captivating users’ attention. Landmarks facilitate spatial learning, yet, how to saliently depict them on mobile maps for guided attention and facilitated visual matching between the map and the environment remains an open question. We conducted a real-world navigation study to assess how 3D landmark visualizations (realistic vs. abstract) influence visual attention and spatial learning. Spatial learning with realistic landmarks improved when wayfinders exhibited shorter fixations on the map. Realistic landmarks also supported spatial learning of low spatial ability wayfinders. Our findings call for landmark depiction on mobile maps that go beyond “one fits all” and is based on human-adaptive design guidelines.

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The influence of landmark visualization style on task performance, visual attention, and spatial learning in a real-world navigation task

Kapaj,

Hilton,

Lanini-Maggi

et al. 2024

Spatial Cognition & Computation

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Depicting landmarks on mobile maps is an increasingly popular countermeasure to the negative effect that navigation aids have on spatial learning – landmarks guide visual attention and facilitate map-to-environment information matching. However, the most effective method to visualize landmarks on mobile map aids remains an open question. We conducted a real-world navigation study outdoors to evaluate the influence of realistic vs. abstract 3D landmark visualization styles on wayfinders’ navigation performance, visual attention, and spatial learning. While navigating with realistic landmarks, low-spatial-ability wayfinders focused more on the landmarks in the environment and demonstrated improved knowledge of directions between landmarks. Our findings emphasize the importance of visual realism when enriching navigation aids with landmarks to guide attention and enhance spatial learning for low-spatial-ability wayfinders.

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The influence of landmark visualization style on expert wayfinders' visual attention during a real-world navigation task

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

The role of the parahippocampal cortex in landmark‐based distance estimation based on the contextual hypothesis

The role of the parahippocampal cortex in landmark‐based distance estimation based on the contextual hypothesis

The influence of landmark visualization style on task performance, visual attention, and spatial learning in a real-world navigation task

The influence of landmark visualization style on task performance, visual attention, and spatial learning in a real-world navigation task

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