“…However, while there has been a substantial increase in the number of studies that articulate either the consequences of or strategies for overcoming LOR, little attention has been paid to the country-, industry-and firm-level heterogeneity that affects LOR suffered by EMNEs in host countries. At the same time, the current LOR research is mainly theoretical and qualitative; there are few quantitative studies to operationalize the concept of LOR (for exceptions, see He and Zhang, 2018;Madhavan and Gupta, 2017;Marano et al, Cross-border acquisition completion 2017). Specifically, Madhavan and Gupta (2017) measured LOR using EMNEs' global inexperience and institutional distance, concepts that have also been used in traditional "liability of foreignness" research (Kostova and Zaheer, 1999;Zaheer, 1995); that is, their work failed to capture the essential features of LOR, especially the stereotypical aspects of LOR.…”