The influence of metal hydroxide fire retardants and nanoclay on the thermal decomposition of EVA

Witkowski, A.; Stec, Anna A.; Hull, T. Richard

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.08.003

Cited by 56 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Several recent studies have reported the somewhat unexpected detection of acetone as a pyrolysis product of EVA-MHs. This was initially described by Witkowski et al in 2012 and has since been corroborated by other research [8,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…It is thought that the freshly formed metal oxide, a result of the thermal decomposition of the MH, catalyses and traps acetic acid released from EVA with subsequent conversion to acetone. Around 100 years ago, acetone was synthesised by passing acetic acid over heated calcium oxide in a ketonisation reaction, shown in Figure 2(a) [8]. Other metal oxides are known to catalyse this reaction similarly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Total heat release is the only flammability property that would be unaffected by the ketonisation reaction. Thermochemically, there is no advantage to acetone release over acetic acid, as the heat released by one molecule of acetone (-1785 kJ) is equivalent to that released by two of acetic acid (2 × -876.1 = -1752) [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An experimental and numerical model for the release of acetone from decomposing EVA containing aluminium, magnesium or calcium hydroxide fire retardants

Hewitt

Rhebat

Witkowski

et al. 2016

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Recent studies have identified acetone as an unexpected pyrolysis product of EVA containing aluminium or magnesium hydroxide fire retardants. It is thought that the freshly formed, open-pored, metal oxide, a thermal decomposition product of the metal hydroxide, traps acetic acid released from EVA and catalyses its conversion to acetone. Such a ketonisation reaction is well-established but the intermediate steps that result in acetic acid conversion to acetone in the presence of a metal oxide, trapped within the polymer matrix, have not been reported. This study used three model metal acetates: aluminium acetate, magnesium acetate and calcium acetate, to chemically represent the proposed metal acetate intermediate complexes. This provides crucial information on the kinetics of acetic acid trapping and subsequent acetone release during decomposition studied by TGA-FTIR, which has been used to generate kinetic models within a pyrolysis programme (ThermaKin), in order to quantitatively understand the processes occurring in fire retardant EVA. The benefit of using metal acetates is that they are simple enough to allow isolation of the chemical process of interest from the complications of acetic acid release from EVA and transport through the polymer matrix.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An experimental and numerical model for the release of acetone from decomposing EVA containing aluminium, magnesium or calcium hydroxide fire retardants

Hewitt

Rhebat

Witkowski

et al. 2016

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) is known for its excellent mechanical and physical properties such as low compression at high temperature and good processability. It is widely applied in many rubber products such as the cable sector, adhesives and in the modification of thermoplastics . However, EVA is flammable and a melt dripping behavior can be observed along with the combustion , hence it is necessary for EVA to be incorporated with some flame retardant (FR) systems for reducing fire hazards and improving flame retardancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of expandable graphite with silicate assistant intercalation and its effect on flame retardancy of ethylene vinyl acetate composite

2014

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A halogen‐free intumescent flame retardant expandable graphite composite (EG), with an initial expansion temperature of 202°C and expansion volume of 517 mL g−1, was successfully prepared via a facile two‐step intercalation method, i.e. using KMnO4 as oxidant and H2SO4, Na2SiO3·9H2O as intercalators. The prepared EG flame retardant was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, flame retardancy and thermal property of various ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) composites, including EVA/EG and EVA/EG/APP (ammonium polyphosphate) specimens, were studied through limiting oxygen index instrument (LOI), vertical combustion UL‐94 rating, thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The results indicate that the EVA/EG and EVA/EG/APP composites exhibit a better flame retardancy. Addition of EG at a mass fraction of 30% leads LOI of 70EVA/30EG composite improved to 28.7%. Even more, the synergistic effect between EG and APP improves the LOI of 70EVA/10APP /20EG composite to 30.7%. This synergistic efficiency is attributed to the formation of compact and stable layer‐structure, and the prepared EG can make EVA composite reach the UL‐94 level of V‐0. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1407–1416, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

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“…With the research for the utility of different nanofillers in nanocomposites and the demand for high‐performance nanocomposite materials, the combination of different nanofillers to prepare multi‐component nanocomposites has been proven to be a more attractive strategy, as the nanofillers with different geometrical dimensions could present a synergistic effect on improving the flame retardancy of polymer matrix. For example, Ma et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of nanosized carbon black on thermal stability and flame retardancy of polypropylene/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites

Wen

Tian

Gong

et al. 2013

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Nanosized carbon black (CB) was introduced into polypropylene/carbon nanotubes (PP/CNTs) nanocomposites to investigate the effect of multi‐component nanofillers on the thermal stability and flammability properties of PP. The obtained ternary nanocomposites displayed dramatically improved thermal stability compared with neat PP and PP/CNTs nanocomposites. Moreover, the flame retardancy of resultant nanocomposites was greatly improved with a significant reduction in peak heat release rate and increase of limited oxygen index value, and it was strongly dependent on the content of CB. This enhanced effect was attributed mainly to the formation of good carbon protective layers by CB and CNTs during combustion. Rheological properties further confirmed that CB played an important role on promoting the formation of crosslink network on the base of PP/CNTs system, which were also responsible for the improved thermal stability and flame retardancy of PP. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The influence of metal hydroxide fire retardants and nanoclay on the thermal decomposition of EVA

Cited by 56 publications

References 24 publications

An experimental and numerical model for the release of acetone from decomposing EVA containing aluminium, magnesium or calcium hydroxide fire retardants

An experimental and numerical model for the release of acetone from decomposing EVA containing aluminium, magnesium or calcium hydroxide fire retardants

Preparation of expandable graphite with silicate assistant intercalation and its effect on flame retardancy of ethylene vinyl acetate composite

Effect of nanosized carbon black on thermal stability and flame retardancy of polypropylene/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites

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