The influence of monetary reward on proactive and reactive control in adolescent males

Bowers, Maureen E.; Morales, Santiago; Buzzell, George A.

doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100934

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…As expected, we observed increases in theta ICPS, but similar to the pattern of results for ITPS, we did not observe age‐related changes in theta ICPS. In one of the few developmental studies of stimulus‐related ICPS, no age‐related changes in theta ICPS were reported across adolescence (Bowers et al., 2021). On the other hand, we found a strong delta ICPS response to errors when compared to correct responses in young children, suggesting that delta phase synchrony between frontocentral and frontolateral areas may play an important role in error processing in young children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The task consisted of 75% Go trials and 25% No‐Go trials. As in previous studies involving RT‐based tasks with children (Bowers et al., 2021; Morales et al., 2016), all Go and No‐Go data were cleaned to remove anticipatory responses (RTs < 150 ms) prior to the computation of accuracy measures. Response accuracy was calculated on both Go and No‐Go trials.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time–frequency dynamics of error monitoring in childhood: An EEG study

Morales

Bowers

Leach

et al. 2022

Developmental Psychobiology

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Error monitoring allows individuals to monitor and adapt their behavior by detecting errors. Error monitoring is thought to develop throughout childhood and adolescence. However, most of this evidence comes from studies in late childhood and adolescence utilizing event-related potentials (ERPs). The current study utilizes timefrequency (TF) and connectivity analyses to provide a comprehensive examination of age-related changes in error-monitoring processes across early childhood (N = 326; 50.9% females; 4-9 years). ERP analyses indicated the presence of the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) across all ages. Results showed no errorspecific age-related changes in the ERN and the Pe. However, TF analyses suggested error-related frontocentral responses in delta and theta signal strength (power), delta consistency (intertrial phase synchrony), and delta synchrony (interchannel phase synchrony) between frontrocentral and frontolateral clusters-all of which increased with age. Additionally, the current study examines the reliability and effect size estimates of the ERP and TF measures. For most measures, more trials were needed to achieve acceptable reliability than what is commonly used in the psychophysiological literature. Resources to facilitate the measurement and reporting of reliability are provided.Overall, findings highlight the utility of TF analyses and provide useful information for future studies examining the development of error monitoring.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time–frequency dynamics of error monitoring in childhood: An EEG study

Morales

Bowers

Leach

et al. 2022

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…The rationale behind this interpretation is that brain areas communicate with each other by using synchronized neural oscillations ( Fries et al, 2005 , Singer, 1999 ). Developmental researchers have used this measure to examine the connectivity in the Mu (alpha) band between visual areas and motor areas to study infant’s processing of others’ actions ( Debnath et al, 2019 ) as well as connectivity between medial prefrontal cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex to study cognitive control ( Bowers et al, 2021 , Buzzell et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Computing Tf Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Next, we will illustrate the output of our TF processing scripts with TF surface plots and topographic plots from a study of reward’s influence on cognitive control in adolescent males using a rewarded cued flanker paradigm ( Bowers et al, 2021 ). For the purposes of this illustration, we will focus on stimulus-locked data from incongruent stimuli in 25 male children (Mean age = 10.55, SD = 1.10, Range = 9.08 −13.92).…”

Section: Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time-frequency analysis methods and their application in developmental EEG data

Morales

Bowers

2022

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

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EEG provides a rich measure of brain activity that can be characterized as neuronal oscillations. However, most developmental EEG work to date has focused on analyzing EEG data as Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) or power based on the Fourier transform. While these measures have been productive, they do not leverage all the information contained within the EEG signal. Namely, ERP analyses ignore non-phase-locked signals and Fourier-based power analyses ignore temporal information. Time-frequency analyses can better characterize the oscillations contained in the EEG data. By separating power and phase information across different frequencies, time-frequency measures provide a closer interpretation of the neurophysiological mechanisms, facilitate translation across neurophysiology disciplines, and capture processes not observed by ERP or Fourier-based analyses (e.g., connectivity). Despite their unique contributions, a literature review of this journal reveals that time-frequency analyses of EEG are yet to be embraced by the developmental cognitive neuroscience field. This manuscript presents a conceptual introduction to time-frequency analyses for developmental researchers. To facilitate the use of time-frequency analyses, we include a tutorial of accessible scripts, based on Cohen (2014), to calculate time-frequency power (signal strength), inter-trial phase synchrony (signal consistency), and two types of phase-based connectivity (inter-channel phase synchrony and weighted phase lag index).

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The strategic allocation theory of vigilance

Murray,

Amaya

2024

WIRES Cognitive Science

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Despite its importance in different occupational and everyday contexts, vigilance, typically defined as the capacity to sustain attention over time, is remarkably limited. What explains these limits? Two theories have been proposed. The Overload Theory states that being vigilant consumes limited information‐processing resources; when depleted, task performance degrades. The Underload Theory states that motivation to perform vigilance tasks declines over time, thereby prompting attentional shifts and hindering performance. We highlight some conceptual and empirical problems for both theories and propose an alternative: the Strategic Allocation Theory. For the Strategic Allocation Theory, performance on vigilance tasks optimizes as a function of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, including metacognitive factors such as the expected value of effort and the expected value of planning. Limited capacities must be deployed across task sets to maximize expected reward. The observed limits of vigilance reflect changes in the perceived value of, among other things, sustaining attention to a task rather than attending to something else. Drawing from recent computational theories of cognitive control and meta‐reasoning, we argue that the Strategic Allocation Theory explains more phenomena related to vigilance behavior than other theories, including self‐report data. Finally, we outline some of the testable predictions the theory makes across several experimental paradigms.This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science Psychology > Attention

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The influence of monetary reward on proactive and reactive control in adolescent males

Cited by 11 publications

References 75 publications

Time–frequency dynamics of error monitoring in childhood: An EEG study

Time–frequency dynamics of error monitoring in childhood: An EEG study

Time-frequency analysis methods and their application in developmental EEG data

The strategic allocation theory of vigilance

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