The Influence of Nanoparticle on Vaccine Responses against Bacterial Infection

Abstract

Nowadays, nanovaccine is considered as an evolving method in the field of vaccination to induce immunity in the human body against various diseases, including bacterial or viral diseases as well as virulent tumors. Nanovaccines are more efficient than traditional vaccines since they could potentially induce both humoral and cellular immune reactions. Various studies have shown that nanoparticles with multiple compounds have been designed as delivery systems or as adjuvants for vaccines. Nanoparticles could function as a drug delivery tool, as an adjuvant to promote antigen processing, and as an immune modulator to induce immune responses. These nanoparticles generate immune responses through activating immune cells as well as through the production of antibody responses. Design engineering of nanoparticles (NPs) used to produce nanovaccines to induce immunity in the human body needs comprehensive information about the ways they interact with the component of immune system. Challenges remain due to the lack of sufficient and comprehensive information about the nanoparticles' mode of action. Several studies have described the interactions between various classes of nanoparticles and the immune system in the field of prevention of bacterial infections. The results of some studies conducted in recent years on the interaction between nanoparticles and biosystems have considerably affected the methods used to design nanoparticles for medical applications. In this review, NPs’ characteristics influencing their interplay with the immune system were discussed in vivo. The information obtained could lead to the development of strategies for rationalizing the design of nanovaccines in order to achieve optimum induction of immune response.

Construction of recombinant Omp25 or EipB protein loaded PLGA nanovaccines for Brucellosis protection

“…Additionally it was previously announced that nanoparticles with the dimension smaller than 500 nm could readily reach into lymph nodes and be collected by dendritic cells to activate CD 8 + T lymphocytes. Hence, we believe that both E-NP and O-NP formulations with small sizes served as the effective inducers of cellular immunity [61,62]. Furthermore, it is predicted that controllable and sustainable release of antigens from polymeric nanoparticles would provide long-term protection for Brucellosis.…”

Bilosomes as Nanocarriers for the Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Gastrointestinal Infections: Opportunities and Challenges

“…Bilosomes are stable lipid bilayer structures that can withstand the GIT conditions. Low drug or vaccine leakage compared to liposomes and niosomes, and a higher loading capacity and delivery through the GIT, makes bilosomes promising carriers [ 11 , 14 , 22 , 42 ]. Even at low amounts of bilosome-loaded vaccines or antigens, immune cell reactions have occurred.…”

“…Additionally, bile salts increase the bioavailability of the drugs via adsorption or permeation into epithelial barriers [ 13 ]. Bilosomes improve drug delivery and vaccination against various GIT infectious agents, such as cholera toxin and diphtheria toxins [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Due to the intestinal stability and plasticity, bilosomes act as suitable carrier for vaccines and bioactive compounds, as well as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antifungal drugs [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”