The Influence of Neck Muscle Activation on Head and Neck Injuries of Occupants in Frontal Impacts

Li, Fan; Lu, Ronggui; Hu, Wei; Li, Honggeng; Hu, Shiping; Hu, Jiangzhong; Wang, Haibin; He, Xiaolong

doi:10.1155/2018/7279302

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The head rotations in most mechanically traumatic events, however, are far from being small. In most mechanically traumatic events, such as vehicle crashes, sports injuries and maneuvers, martial arts, etc., the head rotations quite routinely exceed 45 ˝, and in some cases even exceed 90 ˝[42, 43,44,45].…”

Section: D Icm Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A finite rotation, small strain 2D elastic head model, with applications in mild traumatic brain injury

Yang¹,

Fang²,

Carlsen³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Rotational head motions have been shown to play a key role in traumatic brain injury. There is great interest in developing methods to rapidly predict brain tissue strains and strain rates resulting from rotational head motions to estimate brain injury risk and to guide the design of protective equipment. Idealized continuum mechanics based head models provide an attractive approach for rapidly estimating brain strains and strain rates. These models are capable of capturing the wave dynamics and transient response of the brain while being significantly easier and faster to apply compared to more sophisticated and detailed finite element head models. In this work, we present a new idealized continuum mechanics based head model that accounts for the head's finite rotation, which is an improvement upon prior models that have been based on a small rotation assumption. Despite the simplicity of the model, we show that the proposed 2D elastic finite rotation head model predicts comparable strains to a more detailed finite element head model, demonstrating the potential usefulness of the model in rapidly estimating brain injury risk. This newly proposed model can serve as a basis for introducing finite rotations into more sophisticated head models in the future.

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Section: D Icm Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A finite rotation, small strain 2D elastic head model, with applications in mild traumatic brain injury

Yang¹,

Fang²,

Carlsen³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Recent studies based on FE models of head and neck injuries have focused more on neck muscle activation [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Li Tiancheng et al [ 18 ] built a complete FE model of a pilot’s head and neck.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And they found out that during emergency ejection, the neck is protected by muscle pre-activation. In addition, Li Fan et al [ 19 ] used FE models to study the head’s dynamic response to different frontal impact intensities in occupants in terms of muscle activation. According to the findings of these investigations, the combined dummy–human FE model provides good biofidelity for studying head and neck injuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the findings of these investigations, the combined dummy–human FE model provides good biofidelity for studying head and neck injuries. However, Li et al’s study did not look into how the headrest’s angle and initial distance from the head during whiplash injury affected the head and neck [ 19 ]. The headrest plays an important role in preventing head and neck injuries and understanding the underlying mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Finite Element Analysis of Head–Neck Kinematics in Rear-End Impact Conditions with Headrest

Wang,

Jiang,

Teo

et al. 2023

Bioengineering

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A detailed three-dimensional (3D) head–neck (C0–C7) finite element (FE) model was developed and used to dictate the motions of each cervical spinal segment under static physiological loadings of flexion and extension with a magnitude of 1.0 Nm and rear-end impacts. In this dynamic study, a rear-end impact pulse was applied to C7 to create accelerations of 4.5 G and 8.5 G. The predicted segmental motions and displacements of the head were in agreement with published results under physiological loads of 1.0 Nm. Under rear-end impact conditions, the effects of peak pulse acceleration and headrest angles on the kinematic responses of the head–neck complex showed rates of increase/decrease in the rotational motion of various cervical spinal segments that were different in the first 200 ms. The peak flexion rotation of all segments was lower than the combined ROM of flexion and extension. The peak extension rotation of all segments showed variation compared to the combined ROM of flexion and extension depending on G and the headrest angle. A higher acceleration of C7 increased the peak extension angle of lower levels, but the absolute increase was restricted by the distance between the head and the headrest. A change in the headrest angle from 45° to 30° resulted in a change in extension rotation at the lower C5–C6 segments to flexion rotation, which further justified the effectiveness of having distance between the head and the headrest. This study shows that the existing C0-C7 FE model is efficient at defining the gross reactions of the human cervical spine under both physiological static and simulated whiplash circumstances. The fast rate of changes in flexion and extension rotation of various segments may result in associated soft tissues and bony structures experiencing tolerances beyond their material characteristic limits. It is suggested that a proper location and angle of the headrest could effectively prevent the cervical spine from injury in traumatic vehicular accidents.

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“…The most common causes are falls and road traffic accidents (occupants, pedestrians or cyclists) ( Tagliaferri et al, 2006 ). The response of the human head during and after an impact can be affected by the properties of the neck, such as range and resistance to motion ( Li et al, 2018 ), and the risk of TBIs such as subdural hematomas and diffuse axonal injuries have been correlated with the rotational response of the head ( Depreitere et al, 2006 ; Browne et al, 2011 ). The degree to which an individual is braced prior to an impact (i.e., tensed musculature) and their resistance to motion during the impact (i.e., neck stiffness) has been shown to significantly affect the angular kinematics of the skull during a backwards fall ( Farmer et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A human surrogate neck for traumatic brain injury research

Farmer

Mitchell

Sherratt

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Properties of the human neck such as range and resistance to motion are considered important determinants of the kinematic response of the head pre, during and post-impact. Mechanical surrogate necks (i.e., anthropomorphic test device necks), have generally been limited to a single anatomical plane of motion and an artificially high resistance to motion. The aim of this study was to present the Loughborough University Surrogate Neck that is representative of the 50th percentile human male neck, developed for motion in and between each of the anatomical planes with inertial and flexural stiffness properties matching those of a passive elastic (i.e., negligible active tension) neck muscle state. The complex intervertebral joints were reduced to three encapsulated ball joints with appropriate locations, orientations and distributed range of motion to precisely position and orientate the head with respect to the torso at the neutral position and end range of motion. A plain bearing sub-assembly was incorporated at the C1-C2 vertebral level to permit 50% of the axial rotation with negligible resistance to motion, as exhibited by humans. Detachable elastomeric elements provided resistance to motion across each ball joint and permit any orientation of the head within the physiological range of motion of the joints. The mass of the surrogate neck (1.62 Kg) was in agreement with the typical human range and similar agreement was found for the principal moments of inertia (Ixx 26.8 kg cm2, Iyy 20.5 kg cm2 and Izz 14.3 kg cm2). Quasi-static bending moment and dynamic torque tests characterised the surrogate neck in flexion/extension, lateral flexion and axial rotation. With respect to commercial surrogate necks, the surrogate neck presented here was in closer agreement to the reported human responses, for equivalent loading conditions. The applications of a surrogate neck that can appropriately constrain the head relative to the torso are far reaching in the areas of brain injury mechanism research, and for the development and assessment of protective equipment to reduce the risk of such injuries.

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The Influence of Neck Muscle Activation on Head and Neck Injuries of Occupants in Frontal Impacts

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

A finite rotation, small strain 2D elastic head model, with applications in mild traumatic brain injury

A finite rotation, small strain 2D elastic head model, with applications in mild traumatic brain injury

Finite Element Analysis of Head–Neck Kinematics in Rear-End Impact Conditions with Headrest

A human surrogate neck for traumatic brain injury research

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