“…BPS tools are software tools for predicting building performance by dynamically solving a set of mathematical equations. The main barriers to an accurate performance prediction of adaptive building envelopes in BPS tools are: (i) the limited modelling capabilities of existing BPS tools in simulating different types and ranges of control algorithms, on which the performance of adaptive building envelopes during operation largely depends (Loonen et al, 2017), (ii) the limited integration of multi-domain influences (Tabadkani, Tsangrassoulis, Roetzel, & Li, 2020) and (iii) the lack of occupant behaviour models that can successfully estimate the impact of users (Luna-Navarro, Gaetani, Anselmo, Law, & Overend, 2021). This limits the capability of BPS tools to adequately capture the influence of the control algorithm on the dynamic behaviour of adaptive building envelopes, which in turn increases the uncertainty about accurately predicting adaptive building envelope performance.…”