The influence of oral breathing type on the formation of occlusion in students of general educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense of Russian Federation

Abstract

Relevance. Among the students, the morbidity of the respiratory organs is (1543.5±74.5)‰ with a share of 56.7% in the structure of all primary morbidity. Against the background of partial (complete) obstruction of the nasopharynx, a mouth-breathing type is formed, which affects not only the health conditions but also the growth and development of the facial skeleton. Objective — to evaluate the influence of mouth-breathing type on dental-alveolar and skeletal parameters in the maxillofacial region of students in general educational institutions of the Russian Ministry of Defense.
 Materials and methods. 30 students from the first group with a history of mouth-breathing type and 30 patients in the second group with a nasal-breathing type (13–15 years old) were examined using basic and additional research methods (cone-beam computed tomography in natural occlusion with a resolution of 17 × 15).
 Results. Among the students with a mouth-breathing type, distal bite was present in 100.0%; frontal region malocclusion in 56.7%; tight positioning of the anterior tooth group in 93.3%; unilateral in 30.0% and bilateral in 13.3% of crossbite on the background of narrowing of the upper and lower jaws. In most cases, students in the first group were diagnosed with a gnathic form of dentofacial anomaly (ANB parameter was (6.6±2.4)°, Beta parameter — (24.7±3.1)° with retro-positioning of the lower jaw — SNB parameter was (75.4±2.8)°.
 Conclusion. Mouth-breathing type is accompanied by the development of distoocclusion with the formation of a gap vertically, as well as the presence of crossbite in lateral regions and tight positioning of the anterior tooth group on the background of narrowing the upper and lower jaws. Diagnosing pathology of the upper respiratory tract will help prevent the development of maxillofacial disorders. For the treatment of patients in this group, it is necessary to involve an ENT specialist.