The influence of oxygen on the toxicity of fumigants to Sitophilus granarius (L)

Bond, E.J.; Monro, H. A. U.; Buckland, C. T.

doi:10.1016/0022-474x(67)90032-x

Cited by 57 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Bolter and Chefurka showed that the toxicity of PH 3 increases in more aerobic environments as opposed to anaerobic conditions. This is not a new phenomenon and has been described in metal phosphide studies using insects or PH 3 ‐resistant nematodes . A partial explanation for the correlation of increased toxicity in normoxic environments may be the mass action relationship between the rate of • O 2 − formation and the concentration of electron donors [R·] in the presence of oxygen.…”

Section: The Biochemistry Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 93%

Phosphine toxicity: a story of disrupted mitochondrial metabolism

Sciuto¹,

Wong²,

Martens

et al. 2016

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Rodenticides and pesticides pose a significant threat, not only to the environment, but also directly to humans by way of accidental and/or intentional exposure. Metal phosphides, such as aluminum, magnesium, and zinc phosphides, have gained popularity owing to ease of manufacture and application. These agents and their hydrolysis by-product, phosphine gas (PH3), are more than adequate for eliminating pests, primarily in the grain storage industry. In addition to the potential for accidental exposures in the manufacture and use of these agents, intentional exposures must also be considered. Ingestion of metal phosphides is a well-known suicide route, especially in Asia. An intentional release of PH3 in a populated area cannot be discounted. Metal phosphides cause a wide array of effects that include cellular poisoning, oxidative stress, cholinesterase inhibition, circulatory failure, cardiotoxicity, gastrointestinal and pulmonary toxicity, hepatic damage, neurological toxicity, electrolyte imbalance, and overall metabolic disturbances. Mortality rates often exceed 70%. There are no specific antidotes against metal phosphide poisoning. Current therapeutic intervention is limited to supportive care. The development of beneficial medical countermeasures will rely on investigative mechanistic toxicology; the ultimate goal will be to identify specific treatments and therapeutic windows for intervention.

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Section: The Biochemistry Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 93%

Phosphine toxicity: a story of disrupted mitochondrial metabolism

Sciuto¹,

Wong²,

Martens

et al. 2016

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…In insects the acute toxic action of phosphine is dependent on oxygen (Bond et al 1967, Kashi 1981, and a number of studies have demonstrated that phosphine is a respiratory poison for insects (Cherfurka et al 1976, Kashi 1981. A significant biochemical target for phosphine is cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria (Price and Dance 1983), although when insects were treated with lethal doses of phosphine, their cytochrome oxidase was inhibited by no more than SO%, indicating that inhibition of this enzyme was not directly responsible for the mortality (Nakakita 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The interaction of phosphine with haemoglobin and erythrocytes

et al. 1992

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1. Phosphine progressively converts oxyhaemoglobin to methaemoglobin and hemichrome species, with the product formed being time- and concentration-dependent. 2. The reaction of phosphine with oxyhaemoglobin leads to the formation of phosphite and phosphate. 3. Incubation of rat erythrocytes with various concentrations of phosphine results in the progressive uptake of phosphine by the erythrocytes in a temperature-dependent first-order process. 4. Uptake of phosphine by erythrocytes causes crenation, but conversion of oxyhaemoglobin to methaemoglobin and hemichrome could not be demonstrated.

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“…This phenomenon of increased phosphine toxicity with increasing temperature has been correlated with increase in insect respiratory rate, metabolic rate and oxygen consumption in response to increasing temperature, which increases the uptake of phosphine and leads to higher mortalities. 34,36 Bond et al 37 also demonstrated that environmental factors that lower the rate of metabolism, such as reduced oxygen atmosphere or decreased temperature during fumigation, would lead to increased tolerance to phosphine in insects. Further evidence of this phenomenon was observed in studies of resistant Caenorhabditis elegans (Maupas), where it was found that an increase in metabolic rate conferred increased susceptibility to phosphine, 38 while a constitutively lowered metabolic rate conferred resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing effective fumigation protocols to manage strongly phosphine‐resistant Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)

Kaur

Nayak

2014

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: The emergence of high levels of resistance in Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in recent years threatens the sustainability of phosphine, a key fumigant used worldwide to disinfest stored grain. We aimed at developing robust fumigation protocols that could be used in a range of practical situations to control this resistant pest. and 35 ∘ C, respectively, to achieve 99.9% mortality of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population. We also observed that phosphine concentration is inversely proportional to fumigation period in regard to the population extinction of this pest. RESULTS CONCLUSION:The fumigation protocols developed in this study will be used in recommending changes to the currently registered rates of phosphine in Australia towards management of strongly resistant C. ferrugineus populations, and can be repeated in any country where this type of resistance appears.

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The influence of oxygen on the toxicity of fumigants to Sitophilus granarius (L)

Cited by 57 publications

References 10 publications

Phosphine toxicity: a story of disrupted mitochondrial metabolism

Phosphine toxicity: a story of disrupted mitochondrial metabolism

The interaction of phosphine with haemoglobin and erythrocytes

Developing effective fumigation protocols to manage strongly phosphine‐resistant Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)

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