The Influence of Race and Gender on Family Physicians' Annual Incomes

Weeks, William B.; Wallace, Amy E.

doi:10.3122/jabfm.19.6.548

Cited by 24 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This result was similar to the general family physician population, as demonstrated by Weeks and Wallace in 2006, where they corrected for work effort, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics 15. In the current study, the odds of a male physician being a high income earner were 6.6 times higher than those of a female physician.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The practice of primary care sports medicine in the USA

2008

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The practice of primary care sports medicine in the USA

2008

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“… Summary of Included Studies [ [1] , [2] , [8] , [14] , [17] - [32] , [34] - [40] , [43] , [46] - [51] ]. …”

Section: Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The implications of the feminization of the primary care physician workforce on service supply: a systematic review

et al. 2014

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There is a widespread perception that the increasing proportion of female physicians in most developed countries is contributing to a primary care service shortage because females work less and provide less patient care compared with their male counterparts. There has, however, been no comprehensive investigation of the effects of primary care physician (PCP) workforce feminization on service supply. We undertook a systematic review to examine the current evidence that quantifies the effect of feminization on time spent working, intensity and scope of work, and practice characteristics. We searched Medline, Embase, and Web of Science from 1991 to 2013 using variations of the terms ‘primary care’, ‘women’, ‘manpower’, and ‘supply and distribution’; screened the abstracts of all articles; and entered those meeting our inclusion criteria into a data abstraction tool. Original research comparing male to female PCPs on measures of years of practice, time spent working, intensity of work, scope of work, or practice characteristics was included. We screened 1,271 unique abstracts and selected 74 studies for full-text review. Of these, 34 met the inclusion criteria. Years of practice, hours of work, intensity of work, scope of work, and practice characteristics featured in 12%, 53%, 42%, 50%, and 21% of studies respectively. Female PCPs self-report fewer hours of work than male PCPs, have fewer patient encounters, and deliver fewer services, but spend longer with their patients during a contact and deal with more separate presenting problems in one visit. They write fewer prescriptions but refer to diagnostic services and specialist physicians more often. The studies included in this review suggest that the feminization of the workforce is likely to have a small negative impact on the availability of primary health care services, and that the drivers of observed differences between male and female PCPs are complex and nuanced. The true scale of the impact of these findings on future effective physician supply is difficult to determine with currently available evidence, given that few studies looked at trends over time, and results from those that did are inconsistent. Additional research examining gender differences in practice patterns and scope of work is warranted.

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“…A recent study challenged the assertion that physicians who practice in rural settings are poorly compensated when compared to their urban counterparts: while rural primary care physicians had lower unadjusted incomes than their urban counterparts, after adjustment for lower costs of living and practicing in rural settings, the study found that rural primary care physicians' incomes were 10%‐13% higher than those of their urban counterparts 18 . However, that study used only a single year's data from the Center for Studying Health System Change's Community Tracking Study Physician Survey 19 and did not adjust for a number of important variables including race, the inverted U lifetime earnings pattern that is typical for physicians, and the US Census region practice location that we have previously shown to be associated with the annual incomes of general internists 20 and family physicians 21 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because board certification is associated with higher physician incomes, 41 we included board certification status as an independent variable in the analysis. Finally, because race, 20,21 gender, 20,21,35 and international medical school graduate status 31 have been associated with work effort, practice characteristics, and incomes of primary care physicians, we included those factors in our analysis. Practice characteristics . Physician incomes vary according to US Census region of practice location 33 ; therefore, information on the US Census region, in which the practice was located, was collected.…”

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confidence: 99%