The Influence of Ratio and Allometric Scaling Procedures for Normalizing Upper Body Power Output in Division I Collegiate Football Players

Thompson, Brennan J.; Smith, Douglas B.; Jacobson, Bert H.; Fiddler, Ryan E.; Warren, Aric J.; Long, Blaine; O'Brien, Matthew; Everett, K. Lee; Glass, Richard T.; Ryan, Eric D.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e4f5bc

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Ratio scaling is a common normalization method that involves dividing the test result by an anthropometric measure, such as body mass or height. 26 Ratio scaling is appropriate when the relationship between body size and test performance is linear, but is inadequate for many functional performance tests in which the relationship between body size and test performance is nonlinear. 9,10 Allometric scaling involves dividing the test result by an anthropometric measure raised to an exponent that accounts for the relationship between body size and test performance.…”

Section: T T Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 Allometric scaling involves dividing the test result by an anthropometric measure raised to an exponent that accounts for the relationship between body size and test performance. 10,26 For example, it has been determined that raising body mass to the exponent 0.67 removes the effect of body size on performance of tests that involve exerting force against an external object. 9 Allometric scaling is thus superior to ratio scaling for normalizing to body size in many functional performance tests.…”

Section: T T Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normalization Considerations for Using the Unilateral Seated Shot Put Test in Rehabilitation

Chmielewski¹,

Martin²,

Lentz³

et al. 2014

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

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Functional performance testing is often used in lower extremity rehabilitation to help determine a patient's readiness to return to sports participation. 2,11,25,28 Hopping or jumping tasks are most commonly used, 3,18,25,28 but other types of tasks also exist. 2,15Functional performance tests impart high forces to an injured joint or body segment that may more closely replicate the forces experienced in sport. Consequently, these tests can reveal impairments in muscle force generation or proprioception and neuromuscular control that might not be obvious with other clinical measures. 7,19Several studies have found that lower extremity functional performance test results predict future functional outcome, 1,8,12,21,22 indicating their usefulness in lower extremity rehabilitation.Functional performance testing is not standard in upper extremity rehabilitation and is absent from most upper extremity rehabilitation protocols. 5,23,27 The lack of functional performance testing occurs in spite of several functional performance tests described for the upper extremity. 4,6,17,24 A dearth of research to guide the selection and implementation of upper extremity functional performance tests may be a barrier to more widespread clinical use.The unilateral seated shot put test is an upper extremity functional performance test with many appealing aspects for clinical use. The test requires pushing a weighted ball forward in a shot put motion. 16 The test requires little equipment and would therefore be easy to administer in most clinical settings. Distance thrown on the unilateral seated shot put test has shown positive correlation with distance on a softball throw, providing external validity. 17 Moreover, in a sample T T STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. T T OBJECTIVES:To examine the effect of different normalization methods on unilateral seated shot put test results. T T BACKGROUND:The unilateral seated shot put test could assist clinical decision making in upper extremity rehabilitation, but test results must be normalized to compare across patients. The effect of normalization methods based on body size and upper-limb dominance is unknown. T T METHODS:One hundred twenty-five collegiate athletes (63 males) performed the unilateral seated shot put test with each upper extremity. Anthropometric measures (height, body mass, arm length) and distance thrown were recorded. Normalization based on body size included ratio scaling and allometric scaling. Ratio scaling was performed with the anthropometric measure having the highest correlation to distance thrown (distance/anthropometric measure). Allometric scaling was performed with body mass raised to the theoretical exponent 0.67 (distance/body mass 0.67 ) and a derived exponent. Correlations of nonnormalized and normalized values with body mass were then determined. The limb symmetry index [(dominant-side distance/nondominantside distance) × 100] was used for normalization based on limb dominance. Sex differences were examined. T T RESULTS:Body mass was selected for ratio...

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Section: T T Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: T T Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normalization Considerations for Using the Unilateral Seated Shot Put Test in Rehabilitation

Chmielewski¹,

Martin²,

Lentz³

et al. 2014

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To allow for further between-group comparisons, tonnage for the bench press and front squat was calculated by multiplying the load by the number of completed repetitions for both lifts [ 43 ]. In addition to the absolute value, tonnage was also ratio-scaled relative to body mass (relative tonnage (kg·BM −1 ) = tonnage∙body mass −1 ), and allometrically scaled [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]. The allometric scaling for bench press tonnage was derived via the formula of tonnage∙body mass −0.67 [ 44 , 45 , 46 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the absolute value, tonnage was also ratio-scaled relative to body mass (relative tonnage (kg·BM −1 ) = tonnage∙body mass −1 ), and allometrically scaled [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]. The allometric scaling for bench press tonnage was derived via the formula of tonnage∙body mass −0.67 [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]. The allometric scaling for front squat tonnage was calculated via tonnage∙body mass −0.33 [ 44 , 46 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiling of Junior College Football Players and Differences between Position Groups

Lockie

Lazar

Orjalo

et al. 2016

Sports

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This study profiled junior college football players. Sixty-two subjects completed vertical jump (VJ; height and peak power), standing broad jump (SBJ), 36.58 m sprint, pro-agility shuttle, three-cone drill, and maximal-repetition bench press and front squat. The sample included 2 quarterbacks (QB), 7 running backs (RB), 13 wide receivers (WR), 1 tight end (TE), 18 defensive backs (DB), 8 linebackers (LB), and 13 offensive and defensive linemen (LM). To investigate positional differences, subjects were split into skill (SK; WR, DB), big skill (BSK; QB, RB, TE, LB), and LM groups. A one-way ANOVA determined between-group differences. LM were taller and heavier than SK and BSK players. The SK and BSK groups were faster than LM in the 0–36.58 m sprint, pro-agility shuttle, and three-cone drill (p ≤ 0.009). The SK group had greater VJ height and SBJ distance; LM generated greater VJ peak power (p ≤ 0.022). There were no between-group differences in the strength endurance tests. Compared to Division I data, junior college players were smaller, slower, and performed worse in jump tests. Positional differences in junior college football are typical to that of established research. Junior college players should attempt to increase body mass, and improve speed and lower-body power.

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“…Height jump for: CMJ, SJ and DJ was evaluated using Tendo WL Analyser (TENDO Sports Machines, Trencin, Slovak Republic) attached to the subjects waist perpendicular to the floor trough a nylon cord and the systems sensor unit is connected to a computer with matching software collecting data Tendo Softaware Computer V-5 (Version 6.0.1, Slovak Republic). Data reliability has been reported before in the research of authors Thompson et al (2010).…”

Section: St Daymentioning

confidence: 70%

Plyometric Program Effect on Sprint And Jump Performance in Speed Skaters

Doina¹

2021

European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences

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The Influence of Ratio and Allometric Scaling Procedures for Normalizing Upper Body Power Output in Division I Collegiate Football Players

Cited by 27 publications

References 18 publications

Normalization Considerations for Using the Unilateral Seated Shot Put Test in Rehabilitation

Normalization Considerations for Using the Unilateral Seated Shot Put Test in Rehabilitation

Profiling of Junior College Football Players and Differences between Position Groups

Plyometric Program Effect on Sprint And Jump Performance in Speed Skaters

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