The influence of sea ice cover on air-sea gas exchange estimated with radon-222 profiles

Loeff, Michiel M. Rutgers van der; Cassar, Nicolas; Nicolaus, Marcel; Rabe, Benjamin; Stimac, Ingrid

doi:10.1002/2013jc009321

Cited by 55 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…Some investigators report enhanced gas exchange (Loose et al, 2009a;Else et al, 2011) or reduced gas exchange (Rutgers van der Loeff et al, 2014) in the presence of ice, relative to this linear relationship.…”

Section: A New Field-deployable Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer -Chaptermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, recent results have shown that sea ice itself can harbor algae that produce intense phytoplankton blooms, increasing regional estimates of primary production by up to an order of magnitude (Mundy et al, 2009;Arrigo et al, 2012). Furthermore, investigators have published conflicting results regarding the relationship between sea ice cover and gas exchange rates (Loose et al, 2011a;Rutgers van der Loeff et al, 2014;Lovely et al, 2015).…”

Section: A New Field-deployable Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer -Chaptermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many studies (including the ones in this thesis), only one method of measuring gas exchange is used at a time (Else et al, 2011;Rutgers van der Loeff et al, 2014;Lovely et al, 2015). Given the wide range of estimates of gas transfer velocity in the presence of ice, future gas exchange studies using multiple methods simultaneously in ice-covered environments would be highly informative.…”

Section: Parameterization Of Air-sea Exchange and Other Physical Procmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the wide range of estimates of gas transfer velocity in the presence of ice, future gas exchange studies using multiple methods simultaneously in ice-covered environments would be highly informative. For example, the dual tracer release method could be combined with measurements of radon, stable noble gases at natural abundances, and/or eddy covariance gas fluxes (Rutgers van der Loeff et al, 2014;Butterworth and Miller, 2016;Loose et al, 2016). If the different methods agree, this will improve confidence in the study's results.…”

Section: Parameterization Of Air-sea Exchange and Other Physical Procmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study by Butterworth and Miller (2016) concluded that gas transfer velocities in the Southern Ocean at 0-100 % ice cover approximated the expected linear relationship with ice cover, but other studies report that gas exchange is reduced or enhanced in the presence of sea ice relative to a linear scaling based on the fraction of open water, including some studies measuring higher transfer velocities in ice-covered waters than in open water (Fanning and Torres, 1991;Else et al, 2011;Papakyriakou and Miller, 2011;Rutgers van der Loeff et al, 2014). Additional studies show that gas exchange in ice-covered waters cannot be predicted from wind speed alone, which may be a cause of the wide range of results (Loose et al, 2009a;Lovely et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Manning¹

2017

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In this thesis, I use coastal measurements of dissolved O 2 and inert gases to provide insight into the chemical, biological, and physical processes that impact the oceanic cycles of carbon and dissolved gases. Dissolved O 2 concentration and triple isotopic composition trace net and gross biological productivity. The saturation states of inert gases trace physical processes, such as air-water gas exchange, temperature change, and mixing, that affect all gases.First, I developed a field-deployable system that measures Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe gas ratios in water. It has precision and accuracy of 1 % or better, enables near-continuous measurements, and has much lower cost compared to existing laboratory-based methods. The system will increase the scientific community's access to use dissolved noble gases as environmental tracers.Second, I measured O 2 and five noble gases during a cruise in Monterey Bay, California. I developed a vertical model and found that accurately parameterizing bubble-mediated gas exchange was necessary to accurately simulate the He and Ne measurements. I present the first comparison of multiple gas tracer, incubation, and sediment trap-based productivity estimates in the coastal ocean. Net community production estimated from 15 NO -3 uptake and O 2 /Ar gave equivalent results at steady state. Underway O 2 /Ar measurements revealed submesoscale variability that was not apparent from daily incubations.Third, I quantified productivity by O 2 mass balance and air-water gas exchange by dual tracer ( 3 He/SF 6 ) release during ice melt in the Bras d'Or Lakes, a Canadian estuary. The gas transfer velocity at >90 % ice cover was 6 % of the rate for nearly ice-free conditions. Rates of volumetric gross primary production were similar when the estuary was completely ice-covered and ice-free, and the ecosystem was on average net autotrophic during ice melt and net heterotrophic following ice melt. I present a method for incorporating the isotopic composition of H 2 O into the O 2 isotope-based productivity calculations, which increases the estimated gross primary production in this study by 46-97 %.In summary, I describe a new noble gas analysis system and apply O 2 and inert gas observations in new ways to study chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters.

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Section: A New Field-deployable Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer -Chaptermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A New Field-deployable Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer -Chaptermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parameterization Of Air-sea Exchange and Other Physical Procmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parameterization Of Air-sea Exchange and Other Physical Procmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Manning¹

2017

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Annual sea‐air CO₂ fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice‐covered continental shelf

et al. 2014

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High-resolution data collected from several programs have greatly increased the spatiotemporal resolution of pCO 2 (sw) data in the Bering Sea, and provided the first autumn and winter observations. Using data from 2008 to 2012, monthly climatologies of sea-air CO 2 fluxes for the Bering Sea shelf area from April to December were calculated, and contributions of physical and biological processes to observed monthly sea-air pCO 2 gradients (DpCO 2 ) were investigated. Net efflux of CO 2 was observed during November, December, and April, despite the impact of sea surface cooling on DpCO 2 . Although the Bering Sea was believed to be a moderate to strong atmospheric CO 2 sink, we found that autumn and winter CO 2 effluxes balanced 65% of spring and summer CO 2 uptake. Ice cover reduced sea-air CO 2 fluxes in December, April, and May. Our estimate for ice-cover corrected fluxes suggests the mechanical inhibition of CO 2 flux by seaice cover has only a small impact on the annual scale (<2%). An important data gap still exists for January to March, the period of peak ice cover and the highest expected retardation of the fluxes. By interpolating between December and April using assumptions of the described autumn and winter conditions, we estimate the Bering Sea shelf area is an annual CO 2 sink of 6.8 Tg C yr 21 . With changing climate, we expect warming sea surface temperatures, reduced ice cover, and greater wind speeds with enhanced gas exchange to decrease the size of this CO 2 sink by augmenting conditions favorable for greater wintertime outgassing.

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Late summer net community production in the central Arctic Ocean using multiple approaches

Ulfsbo

Cassar

Korhonen

et al. 2014

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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Large-scale patterns of net community production (NCP) were estimated during the late summer cruise ARK-XXVI/3 (TransArc, August/September 2011) to the central Arctic Ocean. Several approaches were used based on the following: (i) continuous measurements of surface water oxygen to argon ratios (O 2 /Ar), (ii) underway measurements of surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ), (iii) discrete samples of dissolved inorganic carbon, and (iv) dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate. The NCP estimates agreed well within the uncertainties associated with each approach. The highest late summer NCP (up to 6 mol C m À2 ) was observed in the marginal sea ice zone region. Low values (<1 mol C m À2 ) were found in the sea ice-covered deep basins with a strong spatial variability. Lowest values were found in the Amundsen Basin and moderate values in the Nansen and Makarov Basins with slightly higher estimates over the Mendeleev Ridge. Our findings support a coupling of NCP to sea ice coverage and nutrient supply and thus stress a potential change in spatial and temporal distribution of NCP in a future Arctic Ocean.To follow the evolution of NCP in space and time, it is suggested to apply one or several of these approaches in shipboard investigations with a time interval of 3 to 5 years.

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The influence of sea ice cover on air-sea gas exchange estimated with radon-222 profiles

Cited by 55 publications

References 64 publications

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Annual sea‐air CO₂ fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice‐covered continental shelf

Late summer net community production in the central Arctic Ocean using multiple approaches

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The influence of sea ice cover on air-sea gas exchange estimated with radon-222 profiles

Cited by 55 publications

References 64 publications

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Annual sea‐air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice‐covered continental shelf

Late summer net community production in the central Arctic Ocean using multiple approaches

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Annual sea‐air CO₂ fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice‐covered continental shelf