The Influence of Sea Ice Cover and Atlantic Water Advection on Annual Particle Export North of Svalbard

Dybwad, Christine; Lalande, Catherine; Bodur, Yasemin; Henley, Sian F.; Cottier, Finlo; Ershova, E. A.; Hobbs, Laura; Last, Kim S.; Kubiszyn, A. M.; Reigstad, Marit

doi:10.1029/2022jc018897

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…To better study the productive season at high latitudes, sediment trap studies traditionally increase sampling frequency during the period when phytoplankton blooms occur and reduce it outside this period to monthly or bi‐monthly intervals (e.g., Willis et al 2008; Weydmann et al 2021; Dybwad et al 2022). Our continuous collection of sinking material and zooplankton, using a twice‐weekly sampling frequency over 10 weeks, revealed a notable rise in particulate organic carbon (POC) export during late winter and early spring, before the bloom.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2; van de Poll et al 2016; Hegseth et al 2019), the major contribution of M. longa and C. hyperboreus to the low number of large copepods captured in the trap underlined the boreoarctic‐mesopelagic status of this size class. Then, the AW inflow most likely transported zooplankton and nutrients across the west Svalbard Shelf into the fjord (Dybwad et al 2022). Late copepodite stages of the subarctic C. finmarchicus and its congener, the Arctic shelf C. glacialis , became the dominant large copepods (> 80% of the share) in the trap samples during and after the AW advection, until the end of the study period in early April (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies indicated that seasonal increases in POC export, in the form of algal aggregates and zooplankton fecal pellets, are prompted by increased microalgal production leading to the spring bloom under favorable conditions (Lalande et al 2016; Dybwad et al 2022). Here, we measure the zooplankton contribution to the sinking export of POC during the winter in a high‐Arctic fjord influenced by periodic Atlantic‐origin water inflow.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Zooplankton fecal pellet flux drives the biological carbon pump during the winter–spring transition in a high‐Arctic system

Darnis,

Geoffroy,

Daase

et al. 2024

Limnology & Oceanography

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Recent research highlighted significant marine biological activity during the Arctic winter, with poorly known implications for the biological carbon pump. We used moored instruments to (1) track the development of the pelagic food web of a high‐Arctic marine ecosystem from winter to spring, and (2) assess the role of zooplankton‐mediated processes in the sinking export of particulate organic carbon (POC). Zooplankton collected by a sediment trap at 40 m depth in Kongsfjorden showed a shift in species composition in February coinciding with an inflow of Atlantic water and the return of sunlight. The Atlantic copepod Calanus finmarchicus and the Arctic Calanus glacialis became dominant in the post‐inflow assemblage of large mesozooplankton. However, large copepods were never abundant (0.3–4.6 ind m−3) in January–April in the upper 40 m. Despite the low chlorophyll fluorescence, POC export increased substantially, from 2–13 mg C m−2 d−1 in January–February to 13–35 mg C m−2 d−1 in March–April 2014. By late March, zooplankton fecal pellets contributed largely (23–100%) to this significant POC export before the phytoplankton bloom. The lack of change in copepod and euphausiid population sizes suggests that enhanced feeding activity in the surface layer supported the increasing fecal pellet export. Our results revealed the swift response of active zooplankton in winter, evidenced by increased carbon export, to improved food availability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zooplankton fecal pellet flux drives the biological carbon pump during the winter–spring transition in a high‐Arctic system

Darnis,

Geoffroy,

Daase

et al. 2024

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Food-web structure has been resilient to both heavy fishing pressure and climatic change, and the role of krill in energy transfer has increased since the early 2000s (Pedersen et al, 2021). Although poorly constrained, there is no evidence for significant changes in the biological carbon pump or vertical flux patterns of the northern Barents Sea (Dybwad et al, 2022). These processes are tightly linked to potential changes in CO 2 uptake and carbon subsidies to benthic communities in the region.…”

Section: Still Arctic?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Still Arctic? - The changing Barents Sea

Gerland,

Ingvaldsen,

Reigstad

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The Barents Sea is one of the Polar regions where current climate and ecosystem change is most pronounced. In a recent review (DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00088) as a part of the cross-disciplinary Norwegian research project “The Nansen Legacy”, the current state of knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological systems in the Barents Sea is described. Here, we present some of the key findings from this review. Physical conditions in this area are characterized by large seasonal contrasts between partial sea-ice cover in winter and spring versus predominantly open water in summer and autumn. Observations over recent decades show that surface air and ocean temperatures have increased, sea-ice extent has decreased, ocean stratification has weakened, and water chemistry and ecosystem components have changed. In general changes can be described as “Atlantification” and “borealisation,” with a less “Arctic” appearance. In consequence, only the northern part of the Barents Sea can be still called “Arctic”. The temporal and spatial changes have a wider relevance reaching beyond the Barents Sea, such as in the context of large-scale climatic (air, water mass and sea-ice) transport processes. The observed changes also have socioeconomic consequences, such as for fisheries and other human activities. Recent Barents Sea mooring data shows stronger inflow of warm water from the north during winter, affecting the sea ice locally. “The Nansen Legacy” has significantly reduced Barents Sea observation- and knowledge gaps, especially for winter months when field observations and sample collections have been sparse until recent.

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“…There is a strong association of diatom-driven export in association with sea ice. Recent observations have highlighted larger annual POC export in ice-free sites influenced by AW at some distance from the ice edge (von Appen et al, 2021;Dybwad et al, 2022), although higher diatom fluxes occur in spring in association with ice edges (Lalande et al, 2016;Dybwad et al, 2022). Vertical POC flux tends to be larger when associated with diatom-derived export compared to that of Phaeocystis (Fadeev et al, 2021;Dybwad et al, 2022) and results in more effective transport to the deep ocean (Fadeev et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interannual variability (2000–2013) of mesopelagic and bathypelagic particle fluxes in relation to variable sea ice cover in the eastern Fram Strait

et al. 2023

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The Fram Strait connects the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and is a key conduit for sea ice advected southward by the Transpolar Drift and northward inflow of warm Atlantic Waters. Continued sea ice decline and “Atlantification” are expected to influence pelagic–benthic coupling in the Fram Strait and Arctic as a whole. However, interannual variability and the impact of changing ice conditions on deepwater particle fluxes in the Arctic remain poorly characterized. Here, we present long-term sediment trap records (2000–2013) from mesopelagic (200 m) and bathypelagic (2,300 m) depths at two locations (HGIV and HGN) in the Fram Strait subjected to variable ice conditions. Sediment trap catchment areas were estimated and combined with remote sensing data and a high-resolution model to determine the ice cover, chlorophyll concentration, and prevailing stratification regimes. Surface chlorophyll increased between 2000 and 2013, but there was no corresponding increase in POC flux, suggesting a shift in the efficiency of the biological carbon pump. A decrease in particulate biogenic Si flux, %opal, Si:POC, and Si:PIC at mesopelagic depths indicates a shift away from diatom-dominated export as a feasible explanation. Biogenic components accounted for 72% ± 16% of mass flux at 200 m, but were reduced to 34% ± 11% at 2,300 m, substituted by a residual (lithogenic) material. Total mass fluxes of biogenic components, including POC, were higher in the bathypelagic. Biomarkers and ∂13C values suggest both lateral advection and ice-rafted material contribute to benthic carbon input, although constraining their precise contribution remains challenging. The decadal time series was used to describe two end-members of catchment area conditions representing the maximum temperatures of Atlantic inflow water in 2005 at HGIV and high ice coverage and a meltwater stratification regime at HGN in 2007. Despite similar chlorophyll concentrations, bathypelagic POC flux, Si flux, Si:POC, and Si:PIC were higher and POC:PIC was lower in the high-ice/meltwater regime. Our findings suggest that ice concentration and associated meltwater regimes cause higher diatom flux. It is possible this will increase in the future Arctic as meltwater regimes increase, but it is likely to be a transient feature that will disappear when no ice remains.

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The Influence of Sea Ice Cover and Atlantic Water Advection on Annual Particle Export North of Svalbard

Cited by 15 publications

References 87 publications

Zooplankton fecal pellet flux drives the biological carbon pump during the winter–spring transition in a high‐Arctic system

Zooplankton fecal pellet flux drives the biological carbon pump during the winter–spring transition in a high‐Arctic system

Still Arctic? - The changing Barents Sea

Interannual variability (2000–2013) of mesopelagic and bathypelagic particle fluxes in relation to variable sea ice cover in the eastern Fram Strait

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