The influence of sex, body weight, and renal function on the xylose test

Kendall, M. J.; Nutter, S.

doi:10.1136/gut.11.12.1020

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This finding does not exclude the existence of such a relation. Kendall and Nutter () showed that timed urinary excretion of intravenously administered xylose continuously decreases with advancing age, whereas intestinal absorption is maintained at a constant level. Xylose is an uncharged, nonmetabolized monosaccharide the size of mannitol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, their excretion characteristics should be similar. But Kendall and Nutter () also concluded that the correlation of sugar excretion with serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, or the estimated glomerular filtration rate is not close enough to use any of these values in an individual case. One reason that we could not show the correlation with renal function might be that glomerular filtration was still in the normal age range for all participants in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sex distribution in the young age group and the old age group was markedly different. We considered this fact as negligible, because previous investigations (Kendall and Nutter ) and our own observation (unpublished) consistently showed that intestinal permeability parameters are not affected by gender.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Small intestinal permeability in older adults

Valentini

Ramminger

Haas

et al. 2014

Physiological Reports

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It is not yet clear whether intestinal mucosal permeability changes with advancing age in humans. This question is of high importance for drug and nutrition approaches for older adults. Our main objective was to answer the question if small intestinal barrier integrity deteriorates with healthy aging. We conducted a cross-sectional study including the pooled data of 215 nonsmoking healthy adults (93 female/122 male), 84 of whom were aged between 60 and 82 years. After a 12-h fast, all participants ingested 10 g of lactulose and 5 g of mannitol. Urine was collected for 5 h afterwards and analyzed for test sugars. The permeability index (PI = lactulose/mannitol) was used to assess small intestinal permeability. Low-grade inflammation defined by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥1 mL/L and kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate) were determined in the older age group. The PI was similar in older compared to younger adults (P = 0.887). However, the urinary recovery of lactulose and mannitol was lower in the older adults and this change was neither associated with urinary volume nor glomerular filtration rate. The PI was not significantly correlated with low-grade inflammation or presence of noninsulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. However, it significantly deteriorated in the copresence of both conditions compared to low-grade inflammation alone (P = 0.043) or type 2 diabetes alone (P = 0.015). Small intestinal mucosal barrier does not deteriorate with age per se. But low-grade inflammation coupled with minor disease challenges, such as type 2 diabetes, can compromise the small intestinal barrier.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Small intestinal permeability in older adults

Valentini

Ramminger

Haas

et al. 2014

Physiological Reports

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“…A significant sex difference was seen in all treatments in which D-xylose recovery among females was consistently higher than among males. A study investigating sex differences in human D-xylose excretion found a tendency among females to excrete D-xylose more efficiently than males after an intravenous dose (Kendall & Nutter, 1970). Similar research has not been previously conducted for mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Comparison of gavage, water bottle, and a high-moisture diet bolus as dosing methods for quantitative D-xylose administration to B6D2F1 (Mus musculus) mice

1993

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SummaryGavage, water bottle, and diet incorporation are 3 dosing methods used orally to administer test compounds to rodents. These 3 methods were compared in mice to determine which represented the most quantitative delivery system. For dietary incorporation, a highmoisture bolus form of NIH-31 rodent meal was developed using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as an autoclave-stable binding agent. A highmoisture bolus was selected to increase the acceptability of the dosed diet and to promote quantitative consumption through reduced wastage. The test compound used was D-xylose, a pentose sugar that may be quantitatively detected, colorimetrically, in urine following oral dosing. Six male and 6 female B6D2F1 mice were placed in metabolism cages and dosed with a known quantity of D-xylose by each of the 3 methods. Urine was collected before and after each method of administration and analysed for total D-xylose; the per cent recovery was based upon the amount of D-xylose consumed.Quantitative consumption was apparently greatest for water bottle dosing with an average recovery of 56·0070 of the original Dxylose dose. High-moisture bolus incorporation ranked second with 50· 0070D-xylose recovery, and gavage was third with 41· 0070 D-xylose recovery.

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“…Kendall (1970) and Kendall and Nutter (1970) described a combined oral and intravenous xylose test which effectively measured small bowel function irrespective of renal function by determining the ratio between the amount of xylose recovered in the urine after an oral dose and the amount recovered after intravenous administration.…”

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confidence: 99%

Assessment of small bowel function in the elderly using a modified xylose tolerance test.

Webster¹,

Leeming²

1975

Gut

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SUMMARY Using the combined results of oral and intravenous xylose tests, it is demonstrated that 26% of a group of geriatric patients absorb from the small bowel less efficiently than younger subjects.The method used excludes poor renal function and incomplete bladder emptying as possible causes for the differences found between the two age groups. Altered gastric emptying is also excluded as a possible factor. Phillips and Gilder (1940) reported reduced absorption of dextrose in aged rats when direct measurements were made on luminal residues after an oral load. In man, Meyer, Sorter, Oliver, and Necheles (1943) were probably the first workers to present evidence suggestive of impaired small bowel function in the elderly in relation to theabsorptionofmonosaccharides. Their findings were based on the results of observing blood galactose levels in elderly subjects after oral ingestion of galactose. Although slow removal of galactose from the subjects' blood could account for the differences between their young and elderly groups, the initial low levels found only in the elderly could have been caused by the impaired absorption of the monosaccharide.Guth (1968), using similar reasoning to Meyer et al, concluded from the xylose tests that he performed that small bowel absorption was impaired in the elderly. (However, both groups' conclusion can be criticized, as impaired renal function was not actively excluded and could therefore be influencing their results.) Davies and Shock (1950), Dontas (1963), and Friedman, Raizner, Rosen, Solomon, and Sy (1972 all clearly demonstrated by different methods the frequency of renal functional impairment with increasing age.Sapp, Seasions, and Rose (1964) and Fikry and Aboul-Wafa (1965) attempted to exclude elderly subjects with subnormal renal function from their studies on the effects of age on the standard xylose test, and found a decrease in urinary recovery of the substance after an oral dose.

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The influence of sex, body weight, and renal function on the xylose test

Cited by 25 publications

References 5 publications

Small intestinal permeability in older adults

Small intestinal permeability in older adults

Comparison of gavage, water bottle, and a high-moisture diet bolus as dosing methods for quantitative D-xylose administration to B6D2F1 (Mus musculus) mice

Assessment of small bowel function in the elderly using a modified xylose tolerance test.

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