The Influence of Soap on the Permeability of the Epidermis*

Bettley, F. Ray

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1961.tb14998.x

Cited by 45 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…For this reason, the effects of surfactants on the skin have been extensively studied under in vitro and in vivo conditions (14)(15)(16)(17)(18). As a result of that work it was shown that surfactants induced biochemical changes in the skin when applied topically.…”

Section: Effects Of Surfactants On the Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfactants and experimental irritant contact dermatitis

1995

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Surface-active agents (surfactants) are characterized by the possession of 2 different moieties, both polar and non-polar regions on the same molecule. Surfactants are broadly classified as anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or non-ionic, according to the nature of the hydrophile yielded in aqueous solution. In currently marketed household, personal, and industrial cleaners, anionic surfactants are the most common class because of their relative ability to solubilize fats and oils, lower the surface tension of aqueous solutions, or form microemulsions. Many surfactants elicit irritant reactions when applied to the skin, partially due to their relative ability to solubilize lipid membranes. Hence, surfactants have become important implements in skin irritation investigations. In general, the physicochemical properties of surfactants are a crucial factor in eliciting skin irritation. Anionic surfactants are broadly accepted as potent irritants to human and animal skin. Cationic surfactants are reputedly at least equally irritating, but more cytotoxic than anionic, while the irritation potential of non-ionic surfactants is considered the lowest. Such classification of innumerable surfactants is convenient and held in high practical esteem. However, the categorization does not permit the exact determination of irritation and cytotoxicity potential of each surfactant. Ranking of surfactant skin irritancy and cytotoxicity obtained by both in vitro and in vivo assays provides a helpful orientation for future work.Key words: anionic, cationic, amphoteric, non-ionic surfactants; skin irritation; in vivo skin irritation test; in vitro cytotoxicity assays; ranking of surfactant skin irritancy. © Munksgaard, 1995.

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Section: Effects Of Surfactants On the Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfactants and experimental irritant contact dermatitis

1995

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“…Soaps and most surfactants cause irritant skin reactions. For this reason, the effects of surfactants on the skin have been extensively studied under in vitro and in vivo conditions . It was shown that skin cleansers induced biochemical changes in the skin when applied topically .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of four soaps on skin trans‐epidermal water loss and erythema index

Khosrowpour

Nasrollahi

Ayatollahi

et al. 2018

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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“…Resting the skin from insult allows the barrier to heal, requiring a minimum of 2 weeks. It is also necessary to add only one cosmetic at a time, beginning with the least problematic cosmetics, (34,35), and a bland moisturizer (Cetaphil Cream, Galderma) for 2 weeks. Discontinue all topical prescription medications for 2 weeks, especially those that contain benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, glycolic acid, volatile alcohols or other drying, irritating ingredients.…”

Section: Treatment Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmetic selection in the sensitive-skin patient

Draelos

2001

Dermatol Ther

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The incidence of sensitive skin is increasing with great rapidity in the United States and Japan. This increase may be due in part to recognition of the condition, an increase in the number of skin products used on a daily basis by persons in developed countries, and other unidentified influences. Sensitive skin may be due to enhanced immune responsiveness, altered neurosensory input, and/or diminished barrier function. Guidelines for cosmetic and skin care product selection in the sensitive‐skin patient include a paucity of ingredients, a minimum of potential allergens, a reduction in cutaneous irritants, and restoration of the cutaneous barrier. This article presents a thought pattern for addressing cosmetics issues in the sensitive‐skin patient.

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The Influence of Soap on the Permeability of the Epidermis*

Cited by 45 publications

References 3 publications

Surfactants and experimental irritant contact dermatitis

Surfactants and experimental irritant contact dermatitis

Effects of four soaps on skin trans‐epidermal water loss and erythema index

Cosmetic selection in the sensitive-skin patient

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