The influence of sonication times on bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity values, and phenolic compounds of immature and mature types linden blossoms

Abstract

Linden (Tilia cordata), a member of the Tiliaceae family, consists of approximately 44 species and maintains its popularity as a herbal plant every day due to its medicinal properties. Linden is also known as lime (Delnavazi et al., 2015). Linden leaves contain a glycoside known as "tiliacin" and a high percentage of manganese (Tuttu et al., 2017). However, considering that the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and tea is not sufficient in terms of antioxidant sources, alternative sources of antioxidant compounds have been sought. Therefore, it has been observed that the interest of consumers in the herbs and nutritional supplements has increased due to the lack of side effects and low costs of natural antioxidant sources compared to synthetic drugs (Buřičová & Réblová, 2008;Bubueanu et al., 2015). Both dried banana flower and pseudo-stem showed an interesting nutritional composition, like proteins in the case of pseudostem and proteins and fatty acids in the flower (Ramírez-Bolanos et al., 2021). Polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant properties are widely found in both edible and inedible plants and they have many applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries (Shaiban et al., 2006;Arabshahi-Delouee & Urooj, 2007; Akyüz et al., 2014). Fresh herbs such as linden, thyme, mint, rosemary, sage, etc., are rich in phenolic compounds and these compounds (flavonoids, phenolic acids, and others) are secondary plant