The Influence of Spinal Cord Injury on Coping Styles and Self-Perceptions Two Years after the Injury

Craig, Ashley; Hancock, Karen; Chang, Esther

doi:10.1080/00048679409075644

Cited by 54 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…1,44 Coping styles are also considered to be influential mediating factors, 44 and can be described as the methods humans use to deal with internal and external stressors. 48 Research has found that up to 40% of people with SCI have more external perceptions of control, lower levels of self-esteem and more helpless and fatalistic coping styles relative to able-bodied controls 12 months after the injury. 10 Craig 10,48 has shown in prospective controlled research that persons with SCI continue to have higher levels of external control relative to able-bodied controls 2 years following their injury.…”

Section: Potential Mediating Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…48 Research has found that up to 40% of people with SCI have more external perceptions of control, lower levels of self-esteem and more helpless and fatalistic coping styles relative to able-bodied controls 12 months after the injury. 10 Craig 10,48 has shown in prospective controlled research that persons with SCI continue to have higher levels of external control relative to able-bodied controls 2 years following their injury. These studies concluded that although the majority of people with SCI have adaptive coping styles and an intact self-esteem, approximately 30-40% tended to be more helpless, externally focussed in their thinking with poor self-esteem.…”

Section: Potential Mediating Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review

2008

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Study Design: A systematic review of the literature concerning the nature of the psychological morbidity in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Objectives: SCI is believed to place the individual at a high risk of psychological morbidity. The objective of this paper was to examine systematically the prevalence of negative psychological states in people with SCI, as well as to explore mediating and contextual factors. Methods: Search engines such as Medline and PsycInfo were systematically searched using specific key words, such as SCI, depression, anxiety and so on. Only studies that fulfilled certain criteria such as the use of valid measures in assessing psychological morbidity were used in the review process. Results: The systematic review revealed that clarification is still needed concerning the psychological consequences of people with SCI. However, findings suggest that approximately 30% of people with SCI are at risk of having a depressive disorder although in rehabilitation, and approximately 27% are at risk of having raised depressive symptoms when living in the community. The review also established that people with SCI have higher comparative risks of anxiety disorder, elevated levels of anxiety, feelings of helplessness and poor quality of life (QOL). Conclusion: People with SCI have an increased risk of suffering debilitating levels of psychological morbidity. Future research needs to clarify the extent and nature of psychological morbidity following SCI by conducting prospective and comprehensive research in large heterogeneous samples of people with SCI during the rehabilitation phase and following reintegration into the community.

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Section: Potential Mediating Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potential Mediating Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review

2008

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“…A follow-up study of a number of the original participants showed by contrast to the 12-month data that there was only a trend for the SCI group to be more externally focused on LOC of behavior scores at 24 months. 4 In an additional paper on the 24-month data, regression analysis found the experience of pain 2 years after injury and feeling out of control of one's life before hospital discharge were predictive of depression 2 years after injury. 5 Cluster analysis using the Levenson Internal External Scale, 6 showed that the first of three groups who attributed control more externally to chance had significantly higher depression and role dissatisfaction and lower life satisfaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health locus of control and attributions of cause and blame in adjustment to spinal cord injury

et al. 2010

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Study design: The Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R) was used to assign participants to either a good adjustment group or a poor adjustment group. Group differences were analyzed with w 2 , t-tests and correlations on factors shown in previous research to be related to coping with spinal cord injury (SCI). Objectives: This study examines health locus of control (HLC) and attributions of cause and blame in relation to SCI. The replication of study findings in multiple settings is a cornerstone of the evidence base for developing interventions. Previous studies do not show a consensus on the role of attributions of cause and blame in persons with SCI. Similarly, their relationship to adjustment after SCI is unclear. Another attribution, HLC, is similarly analyzed in relation to adjustment. Setting: Republic of Ireland. Methods: Thirty people with SCI participated. They rated scales measuring psychological adjustment, locus of control (LOC) for health and attributions of cause and blame for the injury. Results: The well-adjusted group had a less external HLC. In addition, participants who were well adjusted endorsed the notion they could have avoided their accident significantly more than the poorly adjusted group. Similarly, they rated the belief that they could have caused the accident at a somewhat greater level. They did not, however, blame themselves any more or any less. Conclusion: Results are consistent with general LOC theory, and suggest an adaptive or protective internal LOC for accepting responsibility for the injury.

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“…Results showed that about 30% of SCI persons have signi®cantly raised levels of anxiety, depressive mood and feelings of helplessness in comparison to age, education and sex matched non disabled controls. 9,10 It was a matter of concern that these raised levels did not diminish over time up to 2 years. 9,10 However, SCI persons were shown to have similar levels of selfesteem and positive coping styles to the non disabled controls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 However, SCI persons were shown to have similar levels of selfesteem and positive coping styles to the non disabled controls. 10 In a second stage of the SSCIS, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) delivered in the rehabilitation phase, was shown to reduce depressive mood and anxiety to normal levels in depressed and anxious SCI persons immediately after treatment and this was maintained up to 2 years after the injury. 11,12 SCI persons with high levels of depressive mood who participated in the ®rst stage and who did not receive this therapy, maintained moderate to high levels of anxiety and depressive mood up to 2 years after the injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the long-term adjustment of spinal cord injured persons

1999

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Study Design: The study involved the long-term assessment of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) who previously participated in a nonrandomized longitudinal controlled trial. Objectives: The objective was to report on the e ectiveness of early psychological intervention in improving some aspects of adjustment to SCI 2 years post injury. Setting: The study was conducted in Sydney, Australia. Methods: Twenty-eight SCI persons who had participated in group Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) during hospital rehabilitation were assessed for drug usage, hospital readmissions, relationships, perceived adjustment and social discrimination 2 years after treatment. The intervention group's responses on the measures were compared with a control group of 31 SCI persons who only received traditional rehabilitation services during their hospitalization. Results: Subjects in the treatment group experienced less hospital re-admissions, used less drugs and reported higher levels of adjustment compared to the control group. Relationships were stable for both groups and there were no suicides in either group up to 2 years. There were no di erences in perceived social discrimination between the two groups. Conclusion: The study suggests the long-term adjustment for SCI persons is encouraging for the majority. However, the provision of group CBT for SCI persons appears to improve signi®cantly some aspects of adjustment to the injury in the long-term.

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The Influence of Spinal Cord Injury on Coping Styles and Self-Perceptions Two Years after the Injury

Cited by 54 publications

References 21 publications

Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Health locus of control and attributions of cause and blame in adjustment to spinal cord injury

Improving the long-term adjustment of spinal cord injured persons

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