“…The most common polymers used in the manufacture of membranes for MD applications are poly(vinylidene uoride) (PVDF), polytetrauoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). [45][46][47][48] Nevertheless, these membranes also come with certain disadvantages, including low productivity, elevated expenses, and fouling of the hydrophobic surface, all of which contribute to a decline in water purication efficiency. As a result, the exploration for alternative membrane types in the eld of MD holds signicant importance.…”