The Influence of Symbols on the Short-Term Recall of Pharmacy-Generated Prescription Medication Information in a Low Health Literate Sample

King, Sean R.; McCaffrey, David J.; Bentley, John P.; Bouldin, Alicia S.; Hallam, Jeffrey S.; Wilkin, Noel E.

doi:10.1080/10810730.2012.712620

Cited by 27 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Recall refers to the retrieval of elements from memory and is related to the comprehension and interpretation of the word or picture being tested (23). To test short-term recall, there must be a distraction phase to ensure the test is measuring memory storage rather than working memory (24). According to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), a pictogram is considered valid if its transparency is >85% (25).…”

Section: Pictogram Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before recall was tested, a distraction phase was conducted that consisted of a Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) test to assess literacy levels, as well as the collection of demographic data (24). Participants over the age of 17 completed the REALM short form version, while participants between 10 and 17 years of age completed a REALM-Teen test.…”

Section: Pictogram Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and validation of pictograms in a pediatric anaphylaxis action plan

Mok

Vaillancourt

Irwin

et al. 2015

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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Section: Pictogram Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pictogram Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and validation of pictograms in a pediatric anaphylaxis action plan

Mok

Vaillancourt

Irwin

et al. 2015

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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“…This is not surprising given the relatively small number of studies available for analysis. In case of literacy level, two studies (King et.al and Hwang et.al) showed that pictograms were, infect not found to be of significant effect in aiding medical comprehension [25,26]. This perhaps could be explained by the population which was chosen for the study and the methods of conducting the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This perhaps could be explained by the population which was chosen for the study and the methods of conducting the study. King et.al asked the patients to assume that the PIL is given to them for a particular medication, by a registered pharmacist [25]. They were then ask to comprehend the PILs with pictograms and textual information and tested on accuracy of content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Using Pictograms on Comprehension of Medical Information- A Meta-Analysis

Mansukhani¹

2015

J.Pharm Pharm Scien

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This is a meta-analysis to study the effect of using pictorial aids on medication packaging and inserts on the comprehension of medication related information. Health literacy is a growing concern amongst health care systems globally. Research has demonstrated that people with low or marginal levels of literacy have lesser knowledge about their condition and understand "text-only" medication instructions inaccurately. Building on such findings, incorporation of illustrations in the form of pictures have been thought of and studied to improve some of the outcomes related to medication understanding. This metaanalysis aimed to synthesize and analyze data from such studies and unveil avenues for further research which can prove to aid interpretation of medical information via such visual aids. Studies included in this analysis used a specific treatment intervention which comprised of medical information provided as text in conjunction with pictograms, and compared this to a text-only intervention which was treated as the control. All the patients in these studies were randomized to both the interventions. They received medical information in the form of patient label; patient information leaflets (PILs) or consult demonstration by a healthcare provider. Meta-analysis was performed using random effects model. Results supported the primary hypothesis of pictograms aiding in medical comprehension with a p<0.0001. The summary effect size was found to be g = 0.5 [0.19, 0.8]. The I 2 value for this omnibus test was almost 88%, implying a huge amount of heterogeneity in the sample. Amongst the moderators tested, number of years of education was found to be close to significance (p=0.09) and the type of visual aid used was not significant (p=0.87). This analysis could not assess the type of literacy testing because of the lack of standardized testing using tools like REALM or TOFHLA in the included studies. Further, efforts should be made in order to understand how pictograms affect medical comprehension with a follow up to achieve tangible outcomes such as medication compliance and adherence.

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