The influence of sympathetic activity and isoprenaline on the secretion of amylase from the human parotid gland

Speirs, R.L.; Herring, Jacob; Cooper, Warren D.; Hardy, Cara C; Hind, C. R. K.

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(74)90161-7

Cited by 122 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Salivary alpha-amylase activity is stimulated by increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system with the majority of this protein produced by the parotid gland (88). In accordance with this, several studies have found that exercise increases the alpha-amylase activity of salivary in a manner that is dependent on exercise intensity (41,54).…”

Section: Exercise Effects On Other Salivary Markers Of Mucosal Immunitymentioning

confidence: 72%

Acute and chronic effects of exercise on markers of mucosal immunity

Nicolette¹

2009

Front Biosci

186

146

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Decreased secretion rate of salivary markers of mucosal immunity, and in particular salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA), have been implicated as risk factors for subsequent episodes of respiratory infection in athletes. IgA is the predominant Ig in mucosal secretions and acts with innate mucosal defences to provide the 'first line of defence' against pathogens and antigens presented at the mucosa. As well as summarising the evidence concerning the effects of acute exercise and longer-term intensive training on these markers of mucosal immunity, this review explores the factors that impact upon salivary responses to exercise, such as method of saliva collection, stimulation of saliva collection and the method of reporting s-IgA data. The influence of adequate hydration and nutritional supplementation during exercise as well as exercising in extreme environmental conditions on salivary responses is also explored. Finally, the possible mechanisms underlying the acute and longer-term of effects of exercise on salivary responses are examined, with particular emphasis on the potential role of the sympathetic nervous system and the expression and mobilisation of the polymeric Ig receptor. INTRODUCTIONOver the past two decades a growing body of evidence has supported the notion that both acute, strenuous exercise and intensive periods of physical training are associated with immune suppression and this may be linked to the apparent higher incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in highly conditioned athletes (1,2). The acute decrease in immune function is transient and is dependent on the exercise intensity and duration. Repeated activity with insufficient recovery, such as during heavy periods of training and competition, appears to exacerbate the situation leading to a chronic depression of several aspects of immune function (3)(4)(5). Although the majority of studies have concentrated on continuous endurance-type activities such as distance running, cycling and swimming, evidence to support the concept of an exercise-induced immune depression has also been found following high-intensity intermittent activities such as football and tennis as well as high intensity resistance exercise (6-8).In contrast to the effects of intensive exercise on immune function, moderate amounts of physical activity in previously sedentary individuals, such as 30 min of brisk walking on most days of the week, are associated with either little effect on (9,10) or elevations (11,12) of markers of immunity and such activity has been associated with a lower incidence of URTI compared with sedentary individuals (1,9,11). The relationship between the amount of exercise and incidence of URTI has been proposed by Nieman (13) as a J-shaped curve and is largely supported by epidemiological data (9,11,14,15). However, identifying a definitive link between prevalence of URTI and any exercise-induced alterations in cellular and mucosal immunity has proved more difficult, not least because of the many confounders that could influence...

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Section: Exercise Effects On Other Salivary Markers Of Mucosal Immunitymentioning

confidence: 72%

Acute and chronic effects of exercise on markers of mucosal immunity

Nicolette¹

2009

Front Biosci

186

146

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Increase of protein amount has already been reported by Dawes at a constant flow rate after long stimulation by NaCl. Also, an increase of α-amylase activity has been reported by Speirs et al (1974) after application of ascorbic acid on the tongue and with stimulation of the sympathetic system. The authors suggested that such an oversecretion of protein could be due, in some way, to an increase of the ratio of sympathetic to parasympathetic stimulation of the gland causing a higher rate of protein secretion (Dawes 1984).…”

Section: Taste and Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effects of Different Tastants on Parotid Saliva Flow and Composition

et al. 2009

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Saliva from parotid glands plays a role in taste perception. Parotid saliva is also stimulated by tastants. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of different tastants on the parotid salivary response in six subjects. Five tastants were given in different concentrations in solution and held in the mouth for 10 s. The flow rate, protein concentration, and pH of secreted parotid saliva were monitored continuously for 5 min. Stimulation by tastants on flow rate response consists of an immediate rise in flow followed by a plateau and a rapid return to prestimulus flow. Response of pH results in a slower increase while protein concentration consists in a slower decrease, both followed by a return to prestimulus levels in about 4 min. From a resting flow rate of about 140μL/min, an increase in flow rate to 370μL/min was caused by stimulation for 10 s with 10 mL of solutions of 0.01 M citric acid, 0.13 M MgSO 4 , 0.25 M monosodium glutamate, 0.5 M NaCl, or 0.5 M sucrose. Comparisons of the different tastants showed that the pH of stimulated parotid saliva increased linearly (r=0.9), irrespective of the nature of the tastant. Protein concentration decreased (r=−0.45) and protein amount increases (r=0.58) with increase in flow rate for all tastants. Corrected for the effects of flow rate, protein amount depended on the nature of the tastant with the greatest secretion after stimulation by citric acid. Flow rate was largely responsible for pH but tastant appears to play an additional role with flow rate on protein secretion.

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“…However, the results of the present study clearly demonstrate, based on changes in the sAMY, that patients undergoing ESDs with DS do suffer from some stress in comparison to those patients who are treated under GA. To our knowledge, this is the fi rst application of sAMY monitoring to objectively assess the stress experienced by patients during an ESD. The production of salivary amylase is controlled by epinephrine secreted from the adrenal medulla, caused by enhanced activity of the sympathetic nervous-adrenomedullary system [10,11]. The sAMY has recently been shown to be a marker of sympathetic system activity [6,7,10,[12][13][14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%