“…[44] D. Normalized Norton Plots, Deformation, and Damage Mechanisms A convenient method to assess creep deformation mechanisms is to use a normalized representation of the Norton plot, in which the strain rate is temperature compensated by normalizing it by the diffusion coefficient D and plotted vs the creep stress normalized by the appropriate modulus of elasticity E. [26] Using the volume diffusion coefficient D V (=D 0,V exp(ÀQ V,Nickel /(RT)) calculated with the activation energy for self-diffusion of nickel (Q V,Nickel = 285 kJ/mol [11] ), the data of PM 1000 for all test temperatures and stresses can be approximately fitted to a single trend line similar to those of Nimonic 75 that fit into a second trend curve at lower stresses, as shown in Figure 7(a). A similar observation was made by Heilmaier et al [45] using a fit value for the activation energy of 300 kJ/mol, which is close to that for volume diffusion. Furthermore, previous investigations on PM 1000 and similar alloys [5,6,16,[26][27][28][46][47][48] suggested that their creep behavior is primarily controlled by dislocation processes such as (local or general) climb over dispersoids and thermally activated detachment from the backside of oxide particles.…”