The influence of the arrangement of different food images on participants’ attention: An experimental eye-tracking study

Consumer preferences for nutritional claims: An exploration of attention and choice based on an eye-tracking choice experiment

“…Visual attention was measured in terms of fixation time (milliseconds) and fixation count 3 using ET. The fixation time was used due to its frequency of use in the extended literature analyzing visual attention to food products (Antúnez et al, 2013;Ares, Mawad, Giménez, & Maiche, 2014;Ares et al, 2013;Bialkova & Trijp, 2011;Bialkova et al, 2014;Fenko, Nicolaas, & Galetzka, 2018;Gere et al, 2016;Grebitus & Davis, 2017;Hummel, Zerweck, Ehret, Winter, & Stroebele-Benschop, 2017;Samant & HanSeok, 2016;Spinks & Mortimer, 2016;Torrico et al, 2018;Uggeldahl, Jacobsen, Lundhede, & Olsen, 2016;Van Loo et al, 2015;Vu, Tu, & Duerrschmid, 2016). However, the recent research by Orquin and Holmqvist (2018) suggested that the total fixation duration is not recommended because it often involves inappropriate aggregation data.…”

Visual attention towards food during unplanned purchases – A pilot study using mobile eye tracking technology

“…After cross checking grocery receipts and shopping lists to identify all unplanned purchases, the unplanned purchases had to be mapped in the video material to generate computable data. Therefore, two coders were trained until reaching 99% coders agreement and a relative error variance of less than 0.4%, which can be classified as very high and sufficient reliability [ 4 , 31 ].…”

“…For the mapping procedure, fixations were defined via software implemented I-VT filter settings. Referring to former studies [ 4 , 6 , 32 ], fixations were defined as eye movements that showed a velocity of less than 30°/s, remained stable for at least 100 ms, and occurred during unplanned purchase behavior.…”

“…Doolan et al [ 20 ] revealed an attention bias for both gaze direction and duration towards high calorie (HC) foods compared to low calorie (LC) foods across all participants regardless of their BMI. A study by Hummel et al [ 4 ] found no differences in attention between foods with high and low energy density but between food preparation types of low energy density foods. Wang et al [ 6 ] were able to show that lean participants directed their gaze longer towards high sugar foods than low sugar foods whereas overweight participants showed no such bias.…”

“…It is likely that the different paradigms (free viewing, visual probe tasks, search tasks) used across former studies may have led to the divergent findings [ 4 , 24 ]. While most studies were conducted under experimental conditions, the current study is one of only a few [ 25 , 26 ] that use an innovative approach in a real-world environment to investigate the relationships between VA towards food, BMI and ED of food under realistic conditions.…”