The Influence of the Breast on Physical Activity Participation in Females

Burnett, Emma; White, Jenny; Scurr, Joanna

doi:10.1123/jpah.2013-0236

Cited by 50 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Based on the results of the Burnett et al (12) study regarding correlation between breast pain with physical activity (r = 0.144) and taking into account a power of 80% and α = 0.05, the sample size was determined to be 297 by G-Power software and considering the probable attrition, the final sample size was determined equal with 322 participants.…”

Section: Study Design and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cyclic Mastalgia in Iranian Women

2020

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Background: Mastalgia is the most common breast problem. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the relationship between physical activity and cyclic mastalgia in women. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 322 healthy women 45 -18 years old referred to health centers of Tabriz, Iran through purposeful sampling. Questionnaires including socio-demographic characteristics, nominal day breast pain (NDBP) and International Physical Activity questionnaire (IPAQ) were applied to collect the data. Analysis of covariance test was used to determine the impact of the independent variables (physical activity and socio-demographic characteristics) on the dependent variable (severity and duration of breast pain). Results: According to the Pearson correlation test, a statistically significant association was observed between mastalgia severity and length of physical activity (P < 0.001). Based on analysis of covariance test, physical activity was a predictor of severity and duration of mastalgia. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, physical activity is an effective factor on cyclic mastalgia. Therefore, a regular exercise program should be included in the treatment protocol of women with cyclic mastalgia.

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Section: Study Design and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cyclic Mastalgia in Iranian Women

2020

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“…This breast movement can result in a number of negative consequences including breast pain (Gehlsen & Albohm, 1980), embarrassment (Burnett, White, & Scurr, 2014), changes in ground reaction forces (GRFs) (White, Scurr, & Smith, 2009), changes in breathing mechanics (White, Lunt, & Scurr, 2011) and altered running technique (White, Mills, & Scurr, 2012). Due to these negative consequences, previous research has recommended the use of external breast support.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding key performance indicators for breast support: An analysis of breast support effects on biomechanical, physiological and subjective measures during running

Risius

Milligan

Berns

et al. 2016

Journal of Sports Sciences

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To assess the effectiveness of breast support previous studies monitored breast kinematics and kinetics, subjective feedback, muscle activity (EMG), ground reaction forces (GRFs) and physiological measures in isolation. Comparing these variables within one study will establish the key performance variables that distinguish between breast supports during activities such as running. This study investigates the effects of changes in breast support on biomechanical, physiological and subjective measures during running. Ten females (34D) ran for 10 min in high and low breast supports, and for 2 min bare breasted (2.8 m·s). Breast and body kinematics, EMG, expired air and heart rate were recorded. GRFs were recorded during 10 m overground runs (2.8 m·s) and subjective feedback obtained after each condition. Of the 62 variables measured, 22 kinematic and subjective variables were influenced by changes in breast support. Willingness to exercise, time lag and superio-inferior breast velocity were most affected. GRFs, EMG and physiological variables were unaffected by breast support changes during running. Breast displacement reduction, although previously advocated, was not the most sensitive variable to breast support changes during running. Instead breast support products should be assessed using a battery of performance indicators, including the key kinematic and subjective variables identified here.

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“…These angles were much lower than the 90°r ecommended by Hinrichs (1990) though, and suggests arms were carried quite high in both conditions; this may be reflective of a non-relaxed running gait due to the nature of this study, i.e., participants may have felt embarrassed running in their bra in the lab setting. Embarrassment of breast movement has been found to be a barrier to exercise for some women (Burnett, White, & Scurr, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of breast support and breast pain on upper-extremity kinematics during running: implications for females with large breasts

White

Mills

Ball

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The relationship between inappropriate breast support and upper-extremity kinematics for female runners is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of breast support and breast pain on upper-extremity kinematics during running. Eleven female recreational runners with larger breasts (UK D and E cup) completed a 7 min 20 s treadmill run (2.58 m · s(-1)) in a high and low breast support condition. Multi-planar breast and upper-extremity kinematic data were captured in each breast support condition by eight infrared cameras for 30 s towards the end of the run. Breast pain was rated at the end of each treadmill run using a numeric analogue scale. The high support bra reduced breast kinematics and decreased breast pain (P < 0.05). Upper-extremity kinematics did not differ between breast support conditions (P > 0.05), although some moderate positive correlations were found between thorax range of motion and breast kinematics (r = 0.54 to 0.73). Thorax and arm kinematics do not appear to be influenced by breast support level in female runners with large breasts. A high support bra that offers good multi-planar breast support is recommended for female runners with larger breasts to reduce breast pain.

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The Influence of the Breast on Physical Activity Participation in Females

Cited by 50 publications

References 21 publications

Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cyclic Mastalgia in Iranian Women

Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cyclic Mastalgia in Iranian Women

Understanding key performance indicators for breast support: An analysis of breast support effects on biomechanical, physiological and subjective measures during running

The effect of breast support and breast pain on upper-extremity kinematics during running: implications for females with large breasts

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